Chronology of events causes.
The arrival of Japanese troops to Indonesia.
March 1, 1942, Japanese troops landed on the island of Java, and seven days later, on March 8, 1942, the Dutch colonial government surrendered unconditionally to Japan under the Agreement Linggarjati. After the unconditional surrender, Indonesia formally annexed by Japan.Proclamation of Indonesian Independence.
Three years later, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies after the dropping of the atomic bomb (the United States) in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The incident occurred in August 1945. In the absence of the foreign powers, then Sukarno proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945.The arrival of the British and Dutch troops.
After the defeat of the Japanese people and the Indonesian fighters attempt to disarm the Japanese troops. So there was a battle-a battle that claimed in many areas. When the movement to disarm the Japanese troops were blazing, September 15, 1945, British troops landed in Jakarta, then landed in Surabaya on October 25, 1945. The British are coming to Indonesia joined in AFNEI (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) on the decision and on behalf block Allies, with the task to disarm the Japanese troops, release prisoners of war detained in Japan and repatriate Japanese soldiers to the country. But other than that of British soldiers came also on a mission to restore Indonesia to the Dutch government administration as a colony of the Dutch East Indies. NICA (Netherlands Indies Civil Administration) participated ride with a group of British soldiers for the purpose. This triggered the turmoil the people of Indonesia and led the resistance movement of the Indonesian people everywhere against the army and the NICA AFNEI.The incident at Yamato Hotel, Tunjungan, Surabaya.
After the advent of the Indonesian government edict dated August 31, 1945 which stipulates that from 1 September 1945 the national flag hoisted Sang Saka Merah Putih continue in all parts of Indonesia, the flag hoisting movement increasingly extends to all corners of the city of Surabaya. Flag-raising climax in Surabaya movement occurs on the incidence of tearing the flag on Yamato Hoteru / Hotel Yamato (named Oranje Hotel or Hotel Orange in colonial times, now called the Hotel Majapahit) in Jl. Tunjungan no. 65 Surabaya.A group of Dutch people under the leadership of Mr. W.V.Ch. Ploegman on the evening of 18 September 1945, exactly at 21:00, flying the flag of the Netherlands (the Red-White-Blue), without the approval of the Regional Government of Indonesia Surabaya, on the pole at the top level Hotel Yamato, north side. The next day the youth Surabaya saw it and became angry because they consider the Dutch had insulted the sovereignty of Indonesia, was about to return the power back in Indonesia, and harassing the raising of the flag movement ongoing in Surabaya.
Shortly after mengumpulnya mass at Hotel Yamato, Resident Sudirman, warrior and diplomat who was then serving as Deputy Resident (Fuku Syuco Gunseikan) which are still recognized by the government of Dai Nippon Surabaya Syu, as well as resident of Regions Surabaya Indonesian Government, came past the crowd and entered Yamato escorted to the hotel and Hariyono Sidik. As a representative of RI him conferring with Mr. Ploegman and his friends and asked that the flag of the Netherlands immediately derived from Yamato Hotel building. In these negotiations Ploegman refused to lower the flag of the Netherlands and refuses to recognize the sovereignty of Indonesia. The talks heated up, Ploegman pulled out a gun, and a fight broke out in the assembly hall. Ploegman died strangled by Sidik, who then also killed by Dutch soldiers on guard and heard pistol Ploegman, while Sudirman and Hariyono escape to the outside of Hotel Yamato. Most youth scramble up to the top of the hotel to drop the Dutch flag. Hariyono originally along Sudirman back to the hotel and is involved in climbing the flagpole and together Koesno Wibowo managed to lose the Dutch flag, ripped off part of the blue, and mengereknya back to the top of the flagpole as the flag.
After the incident at the Yamato Hotel, on October 27, 1945 the first battle erupted between Indonesia against British soldiers. Small attacks that later turned into a general strike that many casualties on both sides Indonesia and England, before finally General D.C. Hawthorn President Sukarno's call for help to defuse the situation.
Brigadier General Mallaby death.
After the cease-fire between the Indonesian authorities and the British troops signed on October 29, 1945, the state gradually subsided. Even so still occur armed clashes between the people and the British army in Surabaya. Armed clashes in Surabaya that culminated with the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, (leader of the British Army's East Java), on October 30, 1945 at around 20:30. Buick carrying Brigadier General Mallaby passed a group of Indonesian militia when it will pass through the Red Bridge. Misunderstanding led to a shootout that ended with the death of Brigadier General Mallaby by a pistol shot a young Indonesian man who hitherto unidentified, and the burning of the car is hit by a grenade explosion that led to the bodies Mallaby unrecognizable. Mallaby's death resulted in the angry English to Indonesian parties and resulted in the replacement decision Mallaby, Major General Robert Mansergh Eric Carden for 10 November 1945 issued an ultimatum to ask the Indonesian side surrendered their arms and stop fighting in the army and administration AFNEI NICA.The debate about the cause of crossfire.
Tom Driberg, a Member of the British Parliament from the Labour Party (Labour Party). On February 20, 1946, in a debate in the British Parliament (House of Commons) doubted that the shootout was initiated by the Indonesian army. He said that the firefight was allegedly powerful arise due to misunderstandings 20 members of the Indian army-led Mallaby who started the shootout did not know that a ceasefire was valid because they are cut off from contact and telecommunications. Here's an excerpt from Tom Driberg:"... About 20 people (soldiers) India (British owned), in a building on the other side of the square, has been disconnected from the telephone call and did not know about the ceasefire. They fired sporadically on the mass (Indonesia). Brigadier Mallaby out of the discussion (truce), walk straight into the crowd, with great courage, and shouted to the soldiers of India to stop the shot. They are obedient to him. Maybe half an hour later, the crowd in the square become turbulent again. Brigadier Mallaby, in a certain point in the discussion, ordered the soldiers India to shoot again. They opened fire with two guns Bren and mass broke up and run for cover; then fighting broke out again with a really intense. It is clear that when Brigadier Mallaby gave the order to open fire again, disarmament in fact been broken, at least locally. twenty minutes to half an hour after that, he (Mallaby) unfortunately was killed in a car-even though (we) did not really sure if he was killed by an Indonesian who approached his car; which exploded simultaneously with the attack against him (Mallaby). I think this can not be accused of being devious murder ... because of information I can as soon as possible of the witnesses, that a British officer who actually present at the scene at the time, the intention honest I had no reason to question ... "
10 November 1945.
After the killing of Brigadier General Mallaby, his successor, Major General Robert Mansergh issued an ultimatum stating that all the leaders and the Indonesian armed to report and placed the weapon at a specified place and surrendered with arms raised. Limit ultimatum is 6:00 am November 10, 1945.The ultimatum was later regarded as an insult to the fighters and the people who have formed many agencies struggle / militia. The ultimatum was rejected by the Indonesian side of the Republic of Indonesia on the grounds that it was already established, and TKR (People's Security Army) has also been established as the state forces. In addition, many organizations have formed armed struggle of society, including among young people, students and students who opposed the re-entry of the Dutch government who ride with the presence of British troops in Indonesia.
On November 10 morning, the British army began a large-scale attack, which began with aerial bombing government buildings to Surabaya, and then deployed about 30,000 infantry, a number of aircraft, tanks and warships.
The British bombard Surabaya city with cannons from the sea and land. Resistance forces and militia Indonesia, then sweep across the city, with the active assistance of the population. Involvement of the population in this battle resulted in thousands of civilians are falling victim to such attacks, either dead or wounded.
Bung Tomo in Surabaya, one of the revolutionary leaders of Indonesia's most respected. This famous photograph for many people involved in the Indonesian National Revolution represents the soul of Indonesia's main revolutionary struggle that time.
Unexpectedly the British suspected that the resistance in Surabaya can be conquered within three days, the community leaders as pioneers Young Bung Tomo as a major influence in the community continues to stir the spirit of resistance youths Surabaya so that the resistance continues in the midst of large-scale attacks England.
Religious figures consisting of scholars and clerics among clerics cottage Java-like KH. Hasyim Ashari, KH. Wahab Hasbullah and pesantren leaders were also exert their students and civil society as a militia resistance (at that time the public is not so obedient to the government but they are more docile and obedient to kyais) so that the opposition parties Indonesia last long, from day to day, up from week to week more. Popular resistance initially spontaneous and uncoordinated, increasingly regular. This large-scale battle reaches up to three weeks, before the entire city of Surabaya finally fell in the hands of the British side.
At least 6.000 to 16.000 fighters from Indonesia were killed and 200,000 civilians displaced from Surabaya. Victims of British and Indian troops roughly a 600 - 2000 soldiers. Bloody battle in Surabaya which took thousands of lives are already stimulating resistance of the people throughout Indonesia to repel invaders and defend freedom. The number of fighters who died and civilians who became victims on 10th day of November later remembered as Heroes' Day by the Republic of Indonesia until now.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/04/battle-of-surabaya.html
Date Published: 18 April 2016 at 09:30
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