History.
It is estimated that Lake Toba was formed when the explosion around 73000-75000 years ago and is the eruption (super volcano) the most recent. Bill Rose and Craig Chesner from Michigan Technological University estimate that the total amount of material at approximately 2,800 km3 eruption-about 2,000 km3 of ignimbrite that flowed over the ground, and about 800 km3 which fell as ash, especially to the west. Pyroclastic flows from the eruption destroyed an area of 20,000 km2, with ash deposits as thick as 600 m to the main crater.This incident caused mass death and extinction of some species of living things. According to some DNA evidence, this eruption also reduced the number of people to about 60% of the total human population of the earth at that time, which is about 60 million people. The eruption also caused the ice age, although experts still argue about it. After the eruption, the caldera formed which is then filled with water and became what is now known as Lake Toba. Pressure up by magma that has not come out cause the appearance of the island.
International multidisciplinary team of researchers, led by Dr. Michael Petraglia, revealed in a press conference in Oxford, the United States has found a new archaeological site that is quite spectacular by geologists in southern and northern India. On the site revealed how people survive, before and after volcanic eruptions (supervolcano) Toba 74,000 years ago, and evidence of life beneath the ashes of Mount Toba. Though the source of eruptions within 3,000 miles, from the distribution of ashes.
For seven years, experts from Oxford University are researching the ecosystem project in India, to look for evidence of life and lives they left behind equipment in a barren desert. Area with thousands of hectares of this was only the savanna (grasslands). While animal bones scattered. The team concluded, a quite large area turned out covered with dust from ancient volcanic eruptions.
The spread of volcanic dust was very spacious, found almost all over the world. Derived from an ancient supervolcano eruption, namely Mount Toba. Alleged leads to Mount Toba, because it found evidence of molecular forms of volcanic ash in the same 2100 period. Since caldera crater is now a lake Toba in Indonesia, 3,000 miles, from the source of the eruption. Even that is quite surprising, apparently spread of dust to be recorded up to the North Pole. It is reminiscent of the experts, how powerful the Toba super volcano eruption at the time.
Environmental damage.
In May 2012, Samosir regency issued a decree (SK) Regent Naidoo No. 89 dated May 1, 2012 on Granting Location Plantation Business Horticulture and Animal Husbandry area of 800 hectares in the Forest Tele, in the village of Partungkot Nagijang and Hariara Doors, District Day, Samosir, North Sumatra to PT Gorga Duma Sari (GDS) which is owned by a member of parliament Samosir, Jonni Sitohang. Then proceed with the Timber Utilization Permits (IPK) given by the Head of North Sumatra Province through Decree of the Head of the Forestry and Plantation Samosir District No. 005 Year 2013. Board Chairman Nauli Samosir Care Forum (Charm), Manalu Rohani stated that this makes consent obtained PT GDS cutting up natural wood in the forest without having EIA. Rohani also said that another result is the occurrence of landslides and floods that caused fatalities.Tele due to logging, mud results on soil erosion in the former logging has caused siltation of rivers around Lake Toba.
Million tree planting program driven North Sumatra provincial government was said to be ineffective because many trees died because untreated. This led three environmental activists of North Sumatra, Marandus Sirait, Hasoloan Manik (Kalpataru), and Wilmar Eliaser Simandjorang (Medal Karya Satya, Toba Award, Wana Lestari) returns all charter award ever given by the government of North Sumatra Province, the Ministry of Forestry, and National Palace.
Environment Minister Balthasar Kambuaya has sent two letters of recommendation in order Mangindar Simbolon Samosir Regent as giving a business license and responsible to give administrative sanctions such as the closure of business activities. After the first letter was ignored, Regent Naidoo said the second letter by stating that the company does not violate the so unfit closed. Because the Regent did not implement the recommendation, the Ministry of Environment also imposed a takeover Authority (Second Line Enforcement) and closes while the activity of PT GDS. After the Ministry of Environment descend directly to the site based on the finding that the decision is not heeded, then Pemkab wrote PT GDS to obey the decree. PT GDS also halt all operations and pull heavy equipment in the region based on the recognition of GDS Director Jonni Sitohang.
Facts About Lake Toba.
Some reviews of the facts about the lake Toba.
1. Mount Toba is a huge volcano is an active volcano incategory is huge, estimated last erupted about 74,000 years ago.
2. Research about Toba has not ended to this day. So, still
many mysteries behind the sleeping giant.
3. Location of Mount Toba (now Lake Toba), in Indonesia is prone
disaster. This corresponds to the position of Indonesia is located in
confluence of three tectonic plates, the Eurasian, Indoaustralia and
Pacific Plate.
4. Mount Toba has erupted up to 3 times.
- The first eruption occurred about 800 thousand years ago. this eruption
produced the caldera in the south of Lake Toba, covering area
Prapat and Porsea.
- The second eruption which has a smaller force, occurred 500 thousand
last year. This eruption formed a caldera in the north of Lake Toba.
Precisely in the area between Silalahi with Haranggaol. of two
These eruptions, eruptions ketigalah most powerful.
- The third eruption 74,000 years ago produced the caldera, and
into Lake Toba Samosir Island in now with
middle.
5. Mount Toba supervolcano is classified.
This is because Mount Toba has a large magma chamber
if large caldera erupts once. Volcano usual average kalderanya
hundreds of meters away, while a supervolcano can reach tens of kilometers.
6. Lake Toba, the length of 100 kilometers and a width of 30 kilometers,
surrounded by relics of pumice from the eruption.
7. Dust rhyolite (rhyolite) were the same age as the rocks Toba in Malaysia,
even as far as 3,000 kilometers north to Central India, but it is also found
in the Indian Ocean.
8. Lake Toba caldera formed by an eruption of Mount Toba
about three times the first 840 thousand years ago and the last 74,000 years
then. Portions were thrown by the eruption it reaches an area of
100 km x 30 km square. The remaining areas later formed the caldera.
In the middle then came the island.
9. The occurrence of anomalous gravity, Toba. According to the law of gravity,
between one place to another would have the same force of gravity when
has a mass, altitude and the relativity of the same. If there are
Other materials are there with different mass, then the force
different appeal. Imagine the mountain erupted. Many materials
out, means to lose mass and reduced its style. Then
happens uplifting (removal). This is what causes
the emergence of the island.
10. Lake Toba is a volcanic lake with a length
100 kilometers and 30 kilometers wide, located in Sumatra
Utara, Indonesia. This lake is the largest lake in Indonesia
and Southeast Asia.
11. The eruption of Mount Tobe cause mass death and the
also followed the extinction of some species. According to some DNA
evidence, this eruption also reduced the number of people to about 60%
of total human population of the earth at that time, which is about
60 million people. The eruption also caused the ice age
12. The eruption of Mount Toba resulted in a huge influence,
found evidence of molecular forms of the same volcanic ash in 2100 point
in this world.
13. In fact, surprisingly enough, it turns out the spread of ash from
the eruption of Mount Toba it to be recorded up to the North Pole.
14. The eruption of Mount Toba caused mass death and the
also followed the extinction of some species.
15. Lake Toba was ranked in the world's first social accounts twitter
compared to other lakes are also wonderful.
16. Lake Toba became a tourist destination (DTW) in North Sumatra,
Traveller local, national, and international.
17. Bill Rose and Craig Chesner from Michigan Technological University
estimates that the volcanic bahanbahan the mountain spit
2800 km ³, with 800 km ³ of rock overlies and 2,000 km ³ of ash
Volcanic estimated wind to the west for 2 weeks.
18. According to some DNA evidence, the eruption of Mount Toba
reduced the number of people to about 60% of the human population
earth at that time that about 60 million people.
Mystery eruption of Mount Toba, the only supervolcano in Indonesia.
Mount Toba is a huge volcano (super volcano) is an active volcano in the category of very large, estimated to last erupted about 74,000 years ago.
The eruption of Mount Tambora in comparison with the all-powerful eruption of Mount Toba, then Mount Tambora is not nothing. Especially when compared to the eruption of Mount Kratakau losers far as Mount Tambora.
Comparison Tambora eruption by Mount Toba supervolcano
So, suppose eruption St. Helen in Washington USA that erupted in 1980 have a number of eruptions on a scale of 1, then the Krakatoa volcano erupted in 1883 scale 18 or 18 times bigger (1:18).
Meanwhile, when compared with the scale of Mount Tambora eruption of Mount St. Helen very much for Mount Tambora erupted in 1815 scale 80, or 80 times larger than the eruption of Mount St. Helen (1:80).
Moreover, if the eruption St. Helen compared with the last eruption of Toba, about 74-75 thousand years ago the very drastic magnitude scale is 2800, or 2800 times larger than the eruption of Mount St. Helen! Alias one in 2800 (1: 2800)
The eruption of Mount Tambora is the most powerful volcanic eruption ever known to the human civilization (see article: Mystery and Chronology eruption of Tambora, Three Kingdoms Vanish Instantly).
And the eruption of Krakatoa is the most powerful volcanic eruption ever recorded in the era of modern times.
While the eruption of Mount Toba completely unrecorded in the books, but you look at the scientific evidence in the present.
The scientific evidence.
In 1939, the Dutch geologist Van Bemmelen reported, Lake Toba, the length of 100 kilometers and a width of 30 kilometers, surrounded by relics of pumice from the eruption.Therefore, Van Bemmelen concluded, Toba is a volcano. Later, some other researchers have found dust rhyolite (rhyolite) were the same age as the rocks Toba in Malaysia, even as far as 3,000 kilometers north to Central India.
Some oceanographers also reported finding traces of rock Toba Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal.
Researchers beginning, Van Bemmelen also Aldiss and Ghazali (1984) has been created through a suspect Toba eruption mahadahsyat.
However, other researchers, Vestappen (1961), Yokoyama and Hehanusa (1981), and Nishimura (1984), suspected caldera was created through several eruptions.
Researchers later, Knight and his colleagues (1986) and Chesner and Rose (1991), provides a more detailed forecast: Toba caldera created through three giant eruption.
Research about Toba has not ended to this day. So, there are still many mysteries behind the sleeping giant. One researcher Toba It is the latest generation Fauzi of Indonesia, seismologists at the Meteorology and Geophysics Agency.
Bachelor of Physics from the University of Indonesia, 1985 graduates earned a doctorate from Renssealer Polytechnic Institute, New York, in 1998, for his research on Toba.
Being in three tectonic plates.
Location of Mount Toba (now Lake Toba), in Indonesia is prone to disaster. This corresponds to the position of Indonesia is located at the confluence of three tectonic plates, the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and the Pacific Plate. As many as 80% of the territory of Indonesia, located in the Eurasian plate, which includes Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Banda.The continental shelf life, every year they shifted or mashing the other plate with a certain distance. Eurasian plate which is continental plates always a target.
Indo-Australian plate, for example pounding the Eurasian plate as far as 5-7 cm per year. Or the Pacific Plate is shifting relative to the Eurasian plate as far as 11 cm per year. Of the shift there came a series of mountains, including the volcano Toba.
If there is a collision, the ocean plate containing sediment layers beneath the continental plate infiltrate. This process is then called subduction or tampering.
Mount subduction results, one of Mount Toba. Although now no longer shaped mountain, remnants of eruptions kedasahyatan still looks today.
Lake Toba is a caldera formed by the eruption of Mount Toba around three times the first 840 thousand years ago and the last 74,000 years ago.
Portions were thrown by the eruption it reaches an area of 100 km x 30 km square. The remaining areas later formed the caldera. In the middle, then appeared the island.
Eruption.
Previous Mount Toba erupted three times.
- The first eruption occurred about 800 thousand years ago. This eruptionproduced the caldera in the south of Lake Toba, covers an area of Prapat
and Porsea.
- The second eruption which has a smaller force, occurred 500 thousand years
ago. This eruption formed a caldera in the north of Lake Toba. Precisely in
the area between Silalahi with Haranggaol. Of these two eruptions,
the eruption of the third most powerful.
- The third eruption 74,000 years ago produced the caldera, and into Lake Toba
Samosir Island now with in the middle.
Mount Toba supervolcano is classified. This is because Mount Toba has a
large magma chamber if it erupts kaldeira his immense. Volcano kaldeira its
hundreds of meters, whereas the Supervolacano tens of kilometers.
What is interesting is the gravity anomaly in Toba. According to the law of gravity, from one place to the other will have the same force of gravity when it has a mass, altitude and the relativity of the same.
If there are other materials that are in situ with different masses, then its a different style. Imagine the mountain erupted. Much of the material runs out, the mass loss and reduced its style. Then that happened up-lifting (removal). This is what led to the emergence of the island.
Mount Toba caldera is a scene that is now called Lake Toba and Samosir island in the middle are formed due to the style of up-lifting (removal). This is what led to the emergence of the island.
Magma beneath it kept moving on, slowly. He had no power to erupt. This movement seeks to adapt to normal gravity.
This happened in the period of thousands of years. Naidoo raised only because it was the weakest region. While other areas of the caldera wall.
While the ancestors of modern humans, Homo sapiens, began to appear and stay in Africa 150000-200000 years ago.
They began to migrate out of Africa 70,000 years ago and spread throughout the world. At approximately the same period, 74,000 years ago, there was a massive eruption of Mount Toba.
When linked with the Toba eruption, the findings also indicate that our ancestors were able to survive the catastrophe that could potentially wipe out life.
The survival scenario supported by evidence of a track record of DNA in populations Wallacea which show a mix of genes with a population of Greater Sunda region (now known as the Southeast Asian region).
In addition, there are fossils and relics of ancient man in Gua Niah, Sarawak. Of age, Niah findings indicate that humans are not destroyed by the eruption of Toba.
Terrible's Six Things Will Happen If Lake Toba erupt once again.
Scientists strongly believe that all the supervolcano in the world including Mount Toba certainly will erupt again. But no one can be sure to accurately when to erupt again.
There is only an estimate.
1. Millions of Tons of Sulfur Acids Will Make Dark World TotalOnce, in a single beat of the eruption of Mount Toba ancient capable of spewing millions of tons of sulfuric acid into the air. When this happens, then the world would be filled with toxic fumes like strangling the throat.
Even when this happened in the past, the world suddenly darkened instantly. Such as Sumatra and Kalimantan affected the smoke, but the rate is far worse. Even moments of darkness is not expected to disappear within a few years.
2. Life Will Die
Not only make the world a dark and pollution, Toba eruption in the past also make life seemed to come to an end. How can? Yes, it turns out material eruption blanketed the Earth as a whole. As a result, total unobstructed sunlight that does not support life.
Photosynthesis die, the plants withered immediately, animals and humans will begin to lose their time. The impact of the eruption was only briefly any resulting death of life. This scenario actually happened in the past.
3. Be Very Cold Ocean.
A geologist from New York University conducted a study to find out how the Earth's climate in the past. He also excavated in the seabed and find an object called foraminifera. From here he was surprised not to play, because this is the first indication that the Earth's temperature extremes.
This study was developed including the discovery of ancient fulkanis dust in Greenland. Through this research finally revealed a common ground. The researchers believe if there is a phenomenon that triggers this extreme temperature. And in the end is unknown if the cause is the eruption of Mount Toba. The geologist also said if because of this eruption worldwide ocean temperature decreased to 5 derejat Celsius. Almost frozen.
4. Extreme Weather Up Decades.
74 thousand years ago after the tragedy, the researchers estimated that if the Earth experienced super cold temperatures. If the ocean could just as cold as it was, then the air was expected not much different. Weather like this will last not just one or two months, but decades!
The world may be entering an ice age but have different versions. As a result of the Toba eruption, the Earth is not only frozen but also exceptional dark. Nothing will be able to pass this, until finally this scenario would be the end of our life.
5. Lake Toba and Samosir Island Vanish.
The impact of the eruption of the Toba caldera in the past is that we can see today. So what if the eruption identical as 74 thousand years ago to happen again? Maybe Lake Toba and Samosir Island will disappear, may even be split Sumatra.
It is very likely because Toba is located at the junction of three tectonic plates, the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and Pacific. Mutual mashed three of these plates causes subduction or tampering. So because of this the existence of Lake Toba Alone so threatened. When the eruption itself certainly will happen great throw, at the moment would surely result in part of the island of Samosir thrown.
6. Trigger Volcano Other.
The volcano has a connecting line between one and the other. When one reacts, then the others will be triggered. As was the case some time ago when volcanoes in Indonesia slowly began to alternately active one by one. If the trigger is like a super volcano Toba, then of course the others will also be affected more strongly.
After Toba explodes, it is most likely a row of mountains in the path of eruption tectonic participate anyway. If the mountains erupt simultaneously, then the unimaginable horror.
Disasters like this is not something that can diintevensi humans. There are also powerful tools that exist in nature only a warning, not prevent.
Its eruption could happen tomorrow or thousands of years. What is clear a moment Toba lake created by the outcome of the Toba eruption will certainly erupt again.
So, if the disaster occurs, then it seems there would be no hope. In fact, the researchers said, life would never be easy again when the super volcano spewing its contents.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/06/history-of-lake-toba.html
DatePublished: June 1, 2016 at 09:31
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