Prehistoric Australia.
Prehistoric Australia is a term that can be used to describe a period of about 40000-45000 years ago (or more, as recorded in some studies) between the first human habitation until the first sighting of Australia by Europeans in 1606. This period could be called prehistoric and not history because there is no written record of humans in Australia before the year 1606.
History The establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia.
Australia. That's the name of the 6th largest country in the world's smallest continent concurrently. For those who live in Indonesia, Australia is not a foreign name because the country is just south of Indonesia. As a result of its location isolated from other continents, Australia also has many unique fauna and can not be found elsewhere. Ranging from red kangaroos, platypus, Tasmanian devils, koala, wombat up. In Australia precisely we can see the Great Barrier Reef, the largest coral reef in the ranks of the world.Australia was once ruled by the British so that the area now holds the status as a commonwealth state (commonwealth). In contrast to the view of ordinary people, although Australia's status as the commonwealth, which means Australia acknowledged the British Queen as head of state, it is not appropriate to say Australia was colonized by the British for Australia now have absolute freedom and independence of decisions on their own country. When visitors curious how Australia could have a political status that is so unique, then this article will answer the curiosity of visitors.
Australia was first discovered by Europeans in 1606 by a Dutch ship command of Captain Willem Janszoon. Another theory called if the Portuguese had already discovered Australia, but this theory is doubtful because of a lack of convincing evidence. Regardless of the controversy about which Europeans first landed in Australia, since the 17th century more and more Europeans to explore Australia. In 1770, the UK represented Captain James Cook claimed eastern Australia as the colony of British and Australian history as subordinate England region began.
Meanwhile in the UK, there was a surge of economic and rapid modernization as a result of the Industrial Revolution. But the Industrial Revolution also had a negative impact in the form of increased social inequality and crime in urban areas. The number of people arrested by the police then have an impact on membludaknya prisoners in British jails. To overcome this, the death penalty option for minor crimes such as theft had applied. But because it was considered too hard, the policy is not followed and the British government was again racked his brain for a solution.
Options alienate prisoners to Australia eventually have to address the problem of insufficient capacity of prisons in England. 1788, the first group of prisoners who came from England arrived in Australia at the same beach pioneered the establishment of "New South Wales", the name of the British colony in Australia. Over time, more and more British people who occupy Europe where they are settled there not only prisoners and officials, but also a free people who want to start a new life and mine gold in Australia. Shipping policy convict the UK to Australia had just stopped in 1868.
Evolved into a colony and federation.
In 1829, the entire region of Australia is ultimately under British rule after England made Australia's western region as a colony. Over time, the increasing number of European immigrants who occupy the Australian mainland and then an impact on increasing the number of colonies formed in Australia. In total, there are six colonies established in Australia before 1900. The six colonies are New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania. The unfortunate thing is the increase in the population of European immigrants in Australia is also followed by the declining number of the indigenous population of Australia (Aborigines) due to conflicts with immigrants.Along with the length of the immigrants settled in Australia, regionalist sentiments began to arise between them. These immigrants now prefer to think of himself as Australia rather than the United Kingdom. Tail, the idea that colonies in Australia to form a federal state began to surface. Another reason behind the emergence of the idea of an Australian federation is that no government agency can formulate a policy that binds all the Australian colonies, for example, about the transport links between the colonies and the banning of the influx of immigrants coming from China.
Not all of the Australian population supports the idea of a federation. Those who assume that the cons of forming the federation will benefit sparsely populated colonies. Each colony also has their own interests so that if the federation of Australia so established, there is concern that the federal government can not walk properly due to a conflict of interest between colonies. Quite apart from their rejection of the idea of the establishment of the federation of Australia kept rolling and efforts to realize the establishment of the federation continues to run.
Meeting to discuss the contents of the draft constitution / constitution of Australia began in March 1897 in Adelaide, South Australia. The draft constitution is finally finished formulated in March 1898 and a referendum to determine the constitutional draft ratification of the federation of Australia was held in the same year. Only 4 of 7 colony - Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and New South Wales - which held a referendum in which the referendum that was held in New South Wales ended in defeat Constitutionalists group. Due to the condition that the draft constitution must be approved by all the colonies, ratification of the Constitution and the establishment of the federation of Australia was canceled materialize - for a while.
January 29 to February 3, 1899, representatives of the Australian colonies held a closed meeting to resolve differences of interests between colonies. Post-meeting, then all the Australian colonies agreed to hold a referendum on the draft constitution of the federation. With the exception of Western Australia, which recently held a referendum in 1900, all the Australian colonies to hold a referendum in 1899. As a result, the majority of voters in all the colonies of Australia federation supports the draft constitution. 1 January 1901, Australia officially became federation commonwealth.
Being Commonwealth Independent.
Federation of Australia has a system of government that is similar to the United States (US). The colonies making up the federation which is now transformed into a state have the independence and freedom in managing its internal affairs. If there are problems of domestic scope, covering several states, then the Australian federal government is involved. But unlike the US who have complete independence in determining their policies. As a commonwealth, Australia is still considered as a subordinate local English so Australia is still subject to the British government for specific issues, for example regarding foreign relations.1931, to provide clarity on the status of an international official who owned the Commonwealth, Britain formally approved the document known as the "Statute of Westminster". Based on the statute, the areas subordinate Britain's status as a commonwealth is now his status is considered equivalent to an independent and sovereign state, which means the Commonwealth countries have full freedom in managing the policy in and outside the country. Especially for Australia, even though the statute has been passed since 1931, only in 1942 Australia adopted the statute.
Australia is still recognizes the Queen of England, represented by the governor general as head of state. However, in practice, the role of the governor general in the activities of the Australian government is more symbolic and insignificant. Because the majority of Australian people are the descendants of British immigrants, they consider the UK as the country of their ancestors so that they do not mind to continue to recognize the Queen as head of state. For reasons that are more or less similar, Australia maintains a Union Jack motif on its national flag.
Not all the Australian people want to retain commonwealth federation system. Most people of Australia want to transform Australia into a republic, which means Australia will no longer recognize the Queen as head of state. Hopefully, if Australia became a republic, the world community would stop looking at Australia as a country is still under the shadow of Britain. To respond to the situation, Australia and then hold a referendum on the system of the republic on November 6, 1999. The referendum was failing won by Republican groups that Australia's status as an independent Commonwealth countries also remain unchanged until now.
Australia As Developed Countries :
1. Country Australia by: Bambang Sunarno.http://indoneianocieti.blogpot.com
2. Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country that
capital, Canberra.
3. Location Australia By astronomical, Continent of Australia lies between
113 ° E -155 ° E and 10 ° S - 43 ° S.
4. Location Australia is geographically bounded by North Australia: Seafood
Timor, Arafuru Sea, and the Torres Strait. East: the Pacific Ocean,
Tasman Sea, and South Corala Sea: Indian Ocean. West: Indian Ocean.
5. The surface area of Australia is 7.61793 million km ² is above Plate Indo-
Australia. Surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, he
separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor Sea.
6. The state of Nature Australia is the smallest continent. If viewed in terms
relief, then the continent is relatively flat, containing only desert,
plains, plateaus, and the little hills on its western part.
7. Climate Based on the location of the crossbars, Australia has three
climate sun different, namely: the tropics (11 ° S - 23 ° 30'LS) subtropical
region (23 ° 30 '- 35 ° S) mild climates (35 ° - 44 ° S).
8. More than a third of the Australian continent lies in the tropics, and two
thirds of the remainder located in subtropical and temperate region.
9. In the middle of the continent also has a dry desert climate with
large temperature amplitude. Besides a lot of rain in the Northern region
(Tropics), also a lot of rain fell in parts of the Eastern Highlands because
the influence of the Southeast trade winds of the Pacific Ocean waters
moist and causes orographic rainfall.
10. Desert desert region dominated the Australian mainland, breadth ±
1.492 million km² include Deserts Great, Great Victoria Desert, Desert
Tanami, Gibson Desert, Desert Shimpson, and Desert Stewart. Deserts
The generally a plateau, just in the middle
desert lowlands.
11. Mountains Mountains in the Australian Continent located on the East
with an elongated shape parallel to the coast as far as ± 4,000 km.
series. The mountain known as the Mountains of the Great Separation
(The Great Dividing Ringe). The mountain trail begins
York Peninsula in the North (the state of Queensland) and
extends parallel to the East Coast and ends in the South Coast region
(State of Victoria), include the Blue Mountains (Blue Mountains) in
western Sydney and the Snow Mountains (Snowy Mountains), which
located along the border of the state of New South Wales and
Victoria.
12. Australia's highest mountain peak located in the southeast, which is in
Mount Kosciuszko (2,230 m), which includes a series of Snow
Mountains.
13. Highlands plateau found in Plato Western Australia. region
The first is a mountainous area that has been eroded during
millions of years.
Plato Region Western Australia Hammersley include Plato, Plato
Kimberley and Arnhem Land Plato, as well as the mountainous region
and low hills, such as the Mac Donnell Mountains, Mountains
Musgrave, Throssell hills, and hills Robertson. In area
West plato, there are natural Visibility in the form of a giant rock
called Ayer's Rock, or Uluru. In the area of western plateau is located
deserts of Australia are well known, such as the Great Victoria Desert,
Desert Pasir Besar, Gibson Desert, and Tanami Desert. Lowland Lowland.
14. Australia is at the middle and South, precisely at the northern bay called
the Great Australian with Terrain Nurlabor (Nurlabor Plain), in the area
of Lake Eyre, and Darling River Valley in New South Wales. Lowlands
The underground water is an area that stretches as far as
2,000 km from north to south and 1,600 km from east to west.
The basin is located below the central plains and includes three
quarters of Queensland, New South Wales a quarter, a third of Australia
South and North Area eighth. Underground water that can
pumped out as an artesian water to feed the sheep and cattle.
15. Rivers and Lakes Rivers in Australia can be divided into river
permanent and periodic. Some rivers are contained in
Plato western region, namely the Ord River, Gascoyne and Murchison
all flow to the West or North. In the North there
Carpentaria Basin. On the South side there Carpentaria Basin
Lake Eyre Basin is very broad. In this area in general
There are periodic river that flows only during the rainy season.
The rivers that flow into the Great Lakes in the area
inland and never reach the sea. One of the great lake
This region is Lake Eyre is a basin.
In the south basin of Lake Eyre Basin is found
Murray-Darling drained by the second largest river in Australia,
the Murray River (2,520 km) and the Darling River (3,750 km).
16. Flora For this type of plant, tree, eucalyptus is a species
plants are most prevalent in Australia. Not less than
569 types of eucalyptus trees and 772 species of acacia trees scattered
various climatic conditions and places in Australia.
Mallee is a forest consisting of eucalyptus trees
Low and knaggy lot and found near the desert.
17. Fauna fauna can be classified on a typical Australian marsupials and
monotremes.
18. Animals are marsupials marsupial. An example is the koala and
kangaroo.
19. As for animals monotremes are the kind of animals that lay eggs, but
nursing her child such as mammals. An example is the platypus.
20. In addition, the desert region of Australia also holds the potential of
similar fauna reptiles such as snakes and lizards that live in the desert,
even Australia noted to have different types of lizards and snakes most
in this world.
21. Social circumstances Culture Australia:
• The population density in the Australian Continent low / sparse
compared to other continents, namely 2
people / km.
• Australia as a destination for immigrants (immigrants) from Asia and
Africa.
• The majority of the continent of Australia from the UK.
• The majority of the country's population of Australia (85%) lived in the
port city (seashore).
• Australian people have a culturally diverse. Native inhabitants
Australia are Aboriginal, with weapons
Traditional Boomerang.
22. Socio-economic state of Australia.
a. Australia is a country farm (agricultural) advanced.
b. Australia is a producer of wool (fleece) in the world.
c. Australia is an exporter of agricultural products and livestock.
d. Australia's per capita income of the population ranked high.
23. The relationship between Indonesia and Australia, Indonesia and
Australia are two neighboring countries near and have long established
relationships cooperation in various fields. The geographical proximity
between the two countries that make Indonesia and Australia felt it was
important to a relationship that, although the phenomenon is often decorated
by various friction or tension.
24. Cooperation Indonesia-Australia relations.
• Field of education.
Many students from Indonesia studying at universities in
Australia.
In addition, the Australian government also helped the Indonesian
government in
in advancing education in Indonesia.
• The health sector Australia is committed to helping government
Indonesia in the field of health. Australia helps strengthen
capacity Indonesia
in cases of HIV / AIDS through a partnership program worth
100 million Australian dollars, or about Rp800 billion. In addition,
at this time also has established a partnership between Australia and
Indonesia in prevention of eye diseases in Indonesia, especially Bali.
This matter goodwill shown by the two countries to build Eye Center
Australia-Bali, Denpasar, Bali. Eye Centre itself has been inaugurated
on July 27, 2007 by the leaders of both countries.
25. • Economic sector trade and commerce between Australia and
Indonesia is growing. Two-way trade has increased
to 25.2% during 2000-2002. More than 400 companies
Australia is conducting commerce in Indonesia, ranging from business
mining to telecommunications. These companies
working as a trading partner with the company and the Indonesian
government.
• Field tourism Since the early 1970s, Indonesia has become a
destinatio the main travel for Australians.
Australia has become a source of tourists that are important to
Indonesia. Bali is a province that is best known.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/05/australia-history.html
Date Published: May 9, 2016 at 09:40
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