The history of Nelson Mandela.

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (pronounced Xhosa: [xoliːɬaɬa Mandela]; born in Mvezo, South Africa, July 18, 1918 - died in Johannesburg, South Africa, December 5, 2013 at the age of 95 years) is a revolutionary anti-apartheid and politicians of South Africa who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African who holds the office and the first president elected through full representation, in a multiracial elections. His administration focused on the elimination of the influence of apartheid to fight racism, poverty and inequality, and encouraging racial reconciliation. As an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) in 1991 until 1997. In addition, Mandela was a Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1998 to 1999.

Born from the Thembu royal family and the ethnic Xhosa, Mandela studied law at Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand. When settled in Johannesburg, he was involved in the anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC, and became a founding member of the ANC Youth League. After the Afrikaner nationalists of the ruling National Party in 1948 and implemented a policy of apartheid, Mandela popularity skyrocketed in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC, and attended the Congress of the People in 1955. As a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for activities inciting and, as chairman of the ANC, was tried in the Treason Trial in 1956 until 1961, but finally adjudged not guilty. Although initially protested without violence, he and the South African Communist Party founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961 and led a campaign of bombings against government targets. In 1962, he was arrested and accused of sabotage and conspiring to overthrow the government and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial.

Mandela underwent confinement period of 27 years, first on Robben Island, and then at Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign demanding her release makes Mandela was released in 1990. After becoming President of the ANC, Mandela published his autobiography and negotiate with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and implement multiracial elections in 1994 which later won by the ANC. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity. As President, he drew up a new constitution and form a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate human rights violations before. He also introduced land reform policy, poverty eradication, and the expansion of health care coverage. Abroad, it acts as a mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in court bombing Pan Am Flight 103 and oversees military intervention in Lesotho. He refused to run for a second time and was replaced by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. He later became an accomplished statesman who focuses on charitable activities to combat poverty and HIV / AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation.
Controversial nearly all his life, the right-wing critics calling Mandela a terrorist and communist sympathizers. Even so, he gained international recognition for the anti-colonial and anti-apartheid, received more than 250 awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, the Medal Freedom of the President of the United States, and the Order of Lenin on the Soviet Union. He is highly respected in South Africa and is better known by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba or ordinances. Nelson Mandela is often dubbed the "father of the nation".

Early life.
Childhood: 1918-1936.

Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtatu, at that time located in Cape Province, South Africa. With a first name Rolihlahla, Xhosa term meaning "trouble-makers", he later actually better known by his clan name, Madiba. Great-grandfather of his father, Ngubengcuka, was the ruler of the Transkei Territory Thembu in what is now the Eastern Cape province in South Africa. One of his sons, Mandela, became Nelson's grandfather and the source of her last name. Because Mandela is the only son of the king whose mother is from the clan Ixhiba, "Left Hand Dynasty", descendants of cadet branch of the family empire is morganatik, meaning not entitled to inherit the throne, but is recognized as a member of the royal hereditary title. Therefore, his father, Henry Gadla Mphakanyiswa, a local tribal chief and member of the royal council; He was inducted in 1915 after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a white judge's ruling that time. In 1926, Gadla also accused of corruption and Nelson later told that his father was fired for refusing a request the judge insists that does not make sense. As idolatrous Qamata, Gadla was a polygamist who has four wives, four sons and nine daughters, who live in several villages. Nelson's mother, Fanny Nosekeni, was the third wife who is the daughter Nkedama Gadla Dynasty Right Hand and amaMpemvu clan members.
"No one in my family had gone to school. On the first day of school, my teacher, Miss Mdingane, giving English names to each student. It is a habit of the African time and of course due to the British influence on our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that the name My new is Nelson. I do not know why he chose that name. "
- Mandela, 1994.
Had called her early life dominated by "custom, ritual, and taboo", Mandela grew up with two sisters in Kraal his mother in the village of Qunu, where Mandela worked as a cowhand and spend time with other children. Both her parents are illiterate, but a devout Christian. She sent Mandela to the local Methodist school when the age of 7 years. Baptized as a Methodist, Mandela was given the first name of English "Nelson" by a teacher. When Mandela was about 9 years old, his father settled in Qunu and died from an unknown disease which is believed Mandela as lung disease. Feel "neglected", he later claimed to inherit "proud rebellious nature" and "strong sense of justice" from his father.
His mother took Mandela to the palace "Great Place" in Mqhekezweni, then entrusted to the care of regents Thembu, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Although she would not see her again for many years, Mandela and his wife felt that Jongintaba Noengland treated him like her own child, raised him along with their sons and daughters, Justice and Nomafu. Because Mandela often attend Mass every Sunday together with foster parents, a Christian be a major part of his life. He was educated at a Methodist mission school near the palace. There he studied English, Xhosa, history and geography.
He became interested in African history, listening to the stories of visitors who uttered the old palace, and anti-imperialist rhetoric influenced Chieftains Joyi. At that time, he was still regarded as a helper European colonialists, not oppression. At the age of 16, he, Justice, and his friends set out to Tyhalarha to undergo circumcision ritual that symbolically signify they are grown. After the ritual, Mandela was given the name "Dalibunga".

Clarkebury, Healdtown and Fort Hare: 1936-1940.

To gain skills in order to become a member of the advisory board for Thembu royal family, Mandela received his secondary education at Clarkebury Boarding Institute in Engcobo, Western-style institution which is the largest black African school in Thembuland. Designed so that students socialize with each other every day, she claimed to lose the attitude "closed" and is good friends with a woman for the first time; he began exercising and pioneering passion in gardening. After completing the Junior Certificate for two years, in 1937 he moved to Healdtown Methodist college in Fort Beaufort which was also attended by most members of the royal family Thembu, including Justice. He has emphasized the superiority of the culture and the British government, but Mandela became interested in African culture natives and friends for the first time with the non-Xhosa, a language speakers Sotho, and influenced by one of her favorite teacher, a Xhosa who broke the taboo by marrying Sotho. In addition to spending his free time with running and boxing, in both Mandela decided to become prefect.
With the help of Jongintaba, Mandela took his Bachelor of Arts (BA) at the University of Fort Hare, an elite black institution in Alice, Eastern Cape with approximately 150 students. There he studied English, anthropology, politics, government indigenous and Roman Dutch law in its first year, and wants to become an interpreter or clerk in the Department of Native Affairs. Mandela lived in a dorm Wesley House, friends with Oliver Tambo and other members of his tribe, K.D. Matanzima. Continuing his interest in the field of sport, Mandela took ballroom dance classes, and was involved in staging a play about Abraham Lincoln. As a member of the Christian Students Association, he led the class of the gospel to the local community and supporting the United Kingdom when the Second World War broke out. Even though his friends have a relationship with the African National Congress (ANC) and the anti-impterialis, Mandela did not want to get involved. After helping set up a House Committee for the freshmen against the dominance of second-year student, at the end of his first year he was involved in the boycott Students' Representative Council (SRC) on the quality of the food, so he was suspended temporarily from the university; he left college without a degree.

Arriving in Johannesburg: 1941-1943.

Upon returning to Mqhekezweni December 1940, Mandela knew that Jongintaba had arranged two marriages to Mandela and Justice; because it is not happy, they go to Johannesburg via Queenstown and arrived in April 1941. Mandela worked as a night supervisor at Crown Mines, "a view of South African capitalism first of her", but was dismissed after Induna (foreman) knows he ran away from home. After settling in his cousin's house in George Goch Township, Mandela was introduced in the house marketers and ANC activist Walter Sisulu, who gave him a job as an articled clerk at the law firm Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman. The company is operated by a liberal Jew, Lazar Sidelsky, whose sympathy for the struggle of the ANC. At the firm, Mandela befriended Gaur Redebe, members of the ANC and the Communist Party of the Xhosa ethnic group, and Nat Bregman, a Jewish communist who became the first white friend. By attending meetings of communists, Mandela was fascinated by the people of Europe, Africa, India and mingle Kleurlinge granted. However, he later claimed not to join the party because of the nature of atheism is contrary to Christian beliefs Mandela, and as he looked at the struggle of South Africa is based on race rather than class welfare. Increasingly politicized, August 1943 Mandela supports bus boycott in order to thwart the rate increase. To continue with higher education, Mandela followed a correspondence course at the University of South Africa and the task finally at night.
With a small wage, Mandela rented a room in a family home Xhoma in Alexandra Township; although full of poverty, crime, and pollution, Alexandra has always been a "valuable place" for him. Although embarrassed to poverty, he could seduce a Swazi woman before failing to woo the daughter of his landlord. After finding the room rents are cheaper, Mandela moved to the headquarters of the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, lived with the miners of various tribes and met the Queen Basutoland. At the end of 1941, Jongintaba visited Mandela and forgive his behavior. Upon returning to Thembuland, the regent died in the winter of 1942, Mandela and Justice delayed a day to attend the funeral. Post-graduation beginning in 1943, Mandela returned to Johannesburg to be a lawyer rather than an advisory board member at Thembuland. He later said that he was not aware, but "knowing myself doing it and could not resist."

Activities revolution.

While studying law at the University of Witwatersrand, Mandela was the only native African in the faculty, and despite facing racism he was friends with a number of European students, Jewish and Indian liberals and communists, including Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz and Ruth First. After joining the ANC, Mandela increasingly influenced Sisulu and spend time with other activists at Sisulu home in Orlando, including his old friend Oliver Tambo. In 1943, Mandela met Anton Lembede, an African nationalist who strongly oppose racial united front against colonialism and imperialism or alliance with the communists. Although friends with non-blacks and communists, Mandela supported the view Lembede, believed that black Africans should be completely free in the struggle to get political self-determination. Feeling the need to mobilize the youth wing of the African population on a large scale in the opposition of their oppression, Mandela joined the ANC delegation informed the president Alfred Xuma Bitini about the plan at his home in Sophiatown; African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) was established on Easter Sunday 1944 at the Bantu Men's Social Centre in Eloff Street; Lembede Mandela became president and a member of the executive committee.

At home Sisulu, Mandela met Evelyn Mase, an ANC activist and nurses from Engcobo, Transkei. Married on October 5, 1944, after initially staying with relatives Evelyn, they rented a house no. 8115 in Orlando in early 1946. Their first son, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile, was born in February 1946, while a daughter Makaziwe born in 1947 but died nine months later as a result of meningitis. Mandela enjoyed home life, her mother and sister Leabie invited to stay with him. In early 1947, his tenure at Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman for three years ended and he decided to become a full-time student, dependent on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust.
July 1947, Mandela fled Lembede to the hospital, where he died; Lembede was replaced as president of the ANCYL by Peter Mda more moderate and agreed to cooperate with the communists and non-blacks. Mda Mandela appointed as secretary of the ANCYL. In December 1947, Mandela disagreed with Mda approach to support the expulsion of communists from the ANCYL, because their ideology is not considered Afrikawi; These efforts proved unsuccessful. In 1947, Mandela was elected into the executive committee of the ANC in the Transvaal under the regional president C.S. Ramohanoe. When Ramohanoe acting against the wishes of the Executive Committee of the Transvaal by working with the Indians and communists, Mandela including one that forced him to resign.
In 1948 South African elections which shall be followed by the white population, Herenigde Nasionale Party dominated Afrikaner leader Daniel François Malan win and join the Afrikaner Party became the National Party. Because of openly racist, this party formalize and expand the racial segregation laws through the new apartheid. Increasing its influence in the ANC, Mandela and his cadres began calling for direct action against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, which are influenced by the tactics of the Indian community in South Africa. Xuma does not support this action and expelled from the presidency through the ballot does not believe and was replaced by James Moroka and more militant cabinet consisting of Sisulu, Mda, Tambo, and Godfrey Pitje; Mandela later said that "We now have guided the ANC into the path of a more radical and revolutionary." Because taking the time to politics, Mandela failed in his final year at Witwatersrand three times; Permanent title was finally arrested in December 1949.

Defiance Campaign and the President of the Transvaal ANC: 1950-1954.
Xuma replace Mandela as ANC National Executive in March 1950. That month, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg and urged activists Africa, India, and the communist mass strike anti-apartheid. Mandela opposed the strike because it was not led by the ANC, but the majority of black workers involved, so the police were forced to increase the violence and introduce Communism Eradication Act 1950 which affect the action of all groups of protesters. In 1950, Mandela was elected as national president of the ANCYL; at the ANC national conference in December 1951, he continued to oppose the united front of race, unfortunately he lost the vote. Since then, he changed the entire perspective and switch to this view; influenced by his friends as Moses Kotane and support the Soviet Union against the national liberation war. Mandela distrust of communism also broken. He influenced the writings of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Mao Zedong, and embrace dialectical materialism. In April 1952, Mandela began work in the law firm H.M. Basner, despite work commitments and increased activism meant he spent less time for family.
In 1952, the ANC begin preparations against apartheid defiance campaign combined with India and communist groups and set up the National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. On the path of nonviolent uprising that influenced Mohandas Gandhi, several parties consider it an ethical choice, but Mandela consider it pragmatic. Durban at the general meeting on June 22, Mandela made a speech in front of 10,000 people, began a protest campaign, which he therefore arrested and detained while in prison Marshall Square. As protests continued, the ANC membership exploded from 20,000 to 100,000; the government responded with mass arrests and introduced the Public Safety Act of 1953 in order to implement martial law. In May, the authorities banned the Transvaal ANU President J. B. Marks appearing in public; for failing to maintain its position, he suggested that Mandela replace him. Although the ultra-Africanist Bafabegiya opposed his nomination, Mr Mandela was elected regional president in October.
July 1952, Mandela was arrested under the Law on Combating Communism and put on trial as part of the 21 defendants, including Moroka, Sisulu, and dadoo in Johannesburg. Found guilty of "communism by law", sentenced to forced labor during the nine months they be extended to two years. In December, Mandela handed the ban at a meeting or talking to more than one person at a time for six months, so the Transvaal ANU his presidency would be impractical. Defiance Campaign was gradually completed. Month of September 1953, Andrew Kunene read a speech "No Easy Walk to Freedom" Mandela at a meeting of the Transvaal ANC; the title is taken from a quote of the Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru, later influence the thinking Mandela. This speech set a backup plan in case the ANC disbanded. Plans Mandela (Mandela Plan) or M-Plan consists of splitting the organization into a cell structure with a more centralized leadership.
Mandela got a job as a lawyer for the firm Terblanche and Briggish before moving to Helman and Michel liberal and pass qualification tests to become a lawyer full. In August 1953, Mandela and Oliver Tambo opened his own law firm, Mandela and Tambo, operating in downtown Johannesburg. As the only African-owned law firm in the country, the firm is popular among black people who feel aggrieved and often deal with cases of police brutality. Because it does not like the authorities, the firm is forced to move to a remote location after its establishment license revoked in accordance Group Areas Act; Consequently, users of their services shrink. Although second daughter, Makaziwe Phumia, born in May 1954, Mandela relationship with Evelyn Evelyn stretchable and accused him of cheating. Evidence emerged that he was having an affair with a member of the ANC's secretary Ruth Lillian Ngoyi and Mompati; strong claims but without evidence indicates Mompati have children with Mandela. Because abhor the behavior of his son, Nosekeni return to Transkei, while Evelyn embraced the Jehovah's Witnesses and political obsession against Mandela.

Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955-1961.

"We, the people of South Africa, declare to the whole country and the world:
That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and no government was to reclaim power except by the people's will. "
- The opening sentence Freedom Charter.
Mandela argued that the ANC had "no alternative to armed rebellion and hard" after being involved in the protests that failed to prevent the eviction of black populous suburb of Sophiatown, Johannesburg, in February 1955. He suggested Sisulu to request arms from the People's Republic of China, but despite support anti-apartheid struggle, the Chinese government believes the movement is not quite ready for the guerrilla war. With the involvement of South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Congress of Democrats, the ANC plans to hold a People's Congress, called on all South Africans to send a proposal for the post-apartheid era. Based on these responses, the Freedom Charter was designed by Rusty Bernstein were requesting the establishment of a democratic non-racist state with the nationalization of major industries. When the charter was adopted in June 1955 in Kliptown conference attended by 3000 delegates, police broke up the show, but it remains a major part of the ideology of Mandela.
After the end of the ban kecua September 1955, Mandela day off work to Transkei to discuss the impact of Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 along with the chairmen of the local tribes. He is also to see his mother and Noengland before traveling to Cape Town. In March 1956, he imposed a ban on appearing in public for the third time, forbade entry Johannesburg for five years, but he often violated. Her marriage ended after Evelyn left Mandela, bring their children to a relative's house. When you start a session for divorce in May 1956, he claimed Mandela physically abused her; he rejected the accusations and fighting for custody of her children. Evelyn pull his divorce petition in November, but Mandela asked for a divorce in January 1958; This divorce was decided in March that the results of children are under the care of Evelyn. During the divorce trial, Mandela set about courting and doing politicization of a social worker, Winnie Madikizela, who he married in Bizana on 14 June 1958. Madikizela later involved in ANC activities and was imprisoned for several weeks.

Apartheid system restricts many areas of life.

On December 5, 1956, Mandeal detained along with most of the executive of the ANC as "high treason" against the state. At the trial in Johannesburg Prison filled with mass protests, they undergo while at the Drill Hall on December 19 before being released on bail. The trial refutation defendant began on January 9, 1957, involving the defendant's attorney Vernon Berrangé, and continues to be suspended in September. In January 1958, Oswald Pirow judge appointed to handle this case, and in February he decided that there is "sufficient evidence" that the defendants were tried in the Supreme Court of the Transvaal. Official Treason Trial began in Pretoria in August 1958 and the defendants unsuccessfully asked the three judges are all involved with the ruling National Party replaced. In August, the charges were dropped, and in October the prosecutor attract new draft indictment and sent in November that found high treason ANC leaders by calling for violent revolution, a charge rejected by the defendant.
In April 1959, the militants Africanist who are not satisfied with the approach to set up a united front ANC Pan-African Congress (PAC); friend Robert Sobukwe Mandela was elected president, although Mandela considers this group "immature". Both parties called for anti-pass campaign in May 1960, namely the burning fitting that must be taken everywhere by the African population. One police dispersed a demonstration PAC and killed 69 protesters in Sharpeville massacre. As a gesture of solidarity, Mandela burning his pass when the riots broke out across South Africa, the government imposed martial law. Under the conditions of Emergencies, Mandela and a number of other activists were arrested on March 30, imprisoned without charge at Pretoria local prison were dirty, while the ANC and the PAC was dissolved in April. This makes it difficult to contact their lawyers and it was agreed that the team accused of Treason Trial should resign in protest. Represent them in court, the accused was released from prison when the state of emergency was lifted in late August. Mandela use their spare time to hold the All-In African Conference near Pietermaritzburg, Natal, in March, which was attended by 1,400 delegates agreed anti-apartheid protests and strikes to commemorate May 31, the day when South Africa became a republic. Date March 29, 1961, after a trial lasting six years, the judges handed down a guilty verdict is not necessarily embarrass the government.

Umkhonto we Sizwe and African tour: 1961-1962.

Posing as a driver, Mandela toured South Africa in secret and devise new cell structure of the ANC and the mass strike on 29th. Dubbed the "Black Pimpernel" in the media quoting Emma Orczy 1905 novel The Scarlet Pimpernel police issued a warrant for his arrest. Mandela held several secret meetings with journalists, and after the government failed to prevent the strike, he warned them that many anti-apartheid activists who turned to violence through groups like Poqo PAC. He is convinced that the ANC should form armed groups to channel acts of violence and convincing ANC leader Albert Luthuli who are morally opposed to violence-and allied activist groups about the need for it.
Inspired by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement in the Cuban Revolution, in 1961 Mandela co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe ( "Spear of the Nation", abbreviated MK) together with Sisulu and communist Joe Slovo. While serving as chairman of the militant group, he got some idea of ​​illegal literature on guerilla warfare works of Mao and Che Guevara. Once separated officially from the ANC, in subsequent years the Court became the armed wing of the group. Most of the early members of the Court are communists were white; after hiding in the flat Wolfie Kodesh in Berea, Mandela moved to Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia belonging communist and joined Raymond Mhlaba, Slovo, and Bernstein, who together make up the constitutional Court. Operating with a cell structure, the Court agreed to carry out sabotage in order to give a big pressure on the government with minor casualties, bombed military installations, power stations, telephone lines, and transportation lines at night when there are no civilians. Mandela noted that if those tactics fail, the Court will turn to "guerrilla warfare and terrorism." Shortly after ANC leader Luthuli get the Nobel Peace Prize, MK announced their presence to the public and plans 57 bombings on Dingane's Day (December 16) in 1961, followed by other attacks on New Year's Eve.
ANC agreed to send Mandela as their representative at the meeting of the Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in February 1962. Travelling in secret, Mandela met Emperor Haile Selassie I and speech after speech at the conference Selassie , Post-conference, he visited Cairo, Egypt, like the political reforms of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and went to Tunis, Tunisia, where President Habib Bourguiba gave him £ 5000 funding for weapons. He then traveled to Morocco, Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Senegal, while receiving financial support from Liberian President William Tubman and Guinea President Ahmed Sekou Touré. In London, England, he met anti-apartheid activists, journalists and prominent leftist politician. In Ethiopia, he followed the course of the guerrilla war for six months, but had only completed two months before being called back to South Africa.

Detention.

On August 5, 1962, police arrested Mandela and Cecil Williams near Howick. Held in prison Marshall Square, Johannesburg, he was accused of inciting workers to strike and abroad without permission. Representing himself as counsel accompanied Slovo, Mandela wanted to exploit this court to show "moral opposition ANC against racism" while supporters rallied outside the court. After being transferred to Pretoria, a place that can be reached Winnie, Mandela began taking correspondence study for a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of London from inside his cell. The trial hearings began on October 15, but he was disturbing the proceedings by wearing traditional kaross, refused to call witnesses, and replace petition lightness into political speech. Convicted, Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison; when he came out of the courtroom, supporters sang Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika.
"With the way that has never been understood before, I am aware of the role I played in court and possibly in front of me as the accused. I am the symbol of justice in the courts of the oppressors, representatives of the great ideas of freedom, justice, democracy in society who despise values these values. I then realized and there I could continue the struggle even in the enemy's castle. "
- Mandela, 1994.

Date July 11, 1963, police searched Lilielsleaf Farm, arrested everyone there, and seized files MK activities, some of which the name Mandela. The Rivonia Trial was held in the Supreme Court directly Pretoria on 9 October. Mandela and his colleagues were accused four times to sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government. Chief prosecutor Percy Yutar demanded they be put to death. Judge Quartus de Wet prosecutors closed the case citing insufficient evidence, but Yutar reorder claim and filed a new case from December until February 1964 involving 173 witnesses and thousands of documents and photographs.
Except James Kantor, who was found not guilty on all charges, Mandela and the other accused confessed to sabotage but refused ever agreed waged a guerrilla war against the government. They affirmed their political objectives in this court; one speech Mandela-inspired speech "History Will Absolve Me" by Castro-covered massively by the press despite censorship from the government. This Court received international attention; many people around the world asking for the release of the defendants, including the United Nations and the World Peace Council. University of London Union called for Mandela became president, and her evening Mass held in St. Paul's Cathedral, London. What power, because they are squatters communists, the South African government ignores these demands, and on June 12, 1964 de Wet specifies four charges against Mandela and the two defendants and sentenced to life imprisonment, not the death penalty.

Robben Island: 1962-1982.

Mandela and the other accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on Robben Island and kept there until 18 years later. Isolated from prisoners non-political in Section B, Mandela was detained in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) times 7 feet (2.1 m) equipped with straw mats to sleep. In addition to often being bullied verbally and physically abused by guards were white, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent time with breaking the stone until it was transferred to the limestone mine in January 1965. Mandela was initially forbidden to wear glasses, so that the rays of the limestone permanently damaging his eyesight. Later that night, he learned to have an LLB degree but forbidden to read newspapers. He had several times been detained in solitary confinement due to smuggle news clippings. With the lowest custody level, Class D, should only be dijenguk Mandela once and sent a letter only once every six months, although all mail was censored out massively.
Political prisoners on hunger strike work and final way is considered ineffective by Mandela in order to improve prison conditions and to see it as the world anti-apartheid struggle are small. The prisoners raised Mandela as ANC member "High Organ" with Sisulu, Govan Mbeki and Raymond Mhlaba. Mandela was also involved in a group that represents all political prisoners on the island, Ulundi; from there he established links with members of the PAC and Yu Chi Chan Club. After pioneering the "University of Robben Island," where prisoners lectured on areas under their control, it debated topics such as homosexuality and politics with his friends to be involved in a heated argument about politics with Marxists like Mbeki and Harry gwala. Although regularly attends Sunday mass, Mandela also studied Islam. He is also learning Afrikaans language in the hope of being able to make the prison guards understand and support his cause. A number of officials to visit Mandela, including Helen Suzman liberal parliamentary representatives of the Progressive Party who continue the struggle Mandela outside the prison. In September 1970, Mandela was visited AP Labor Party United Kingdom Dennis Healey. South African Minister of Justice Jimmy Kruger visited in December 1974, but failed to meet Healey and Mandela. Mother Mandela visited in 1968 and died shortly thereafter. Mandela's first son, Thembi, died in a car accident the next year; Mandela was banned from attending the funeral of the mother and her son. His wife seldom visit as often imprisoned due to their political activities, while her daughters first visit Mandela in December 1975; Winnie released from prison in 1977 but was forced to settle in Brandfort, so could not see his father.

Since 1967, improved prison conditions, prisoners are given black trousers (formerly shorts), the game may be held, and the quality of the food improved. In 1969, plans a run for Mandela was developed by Gordon Bruce, but was canceled after the agent known South African Bureau of State Security (BOSS) who want to see Mandela shot while blurring. In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhost take control. Feel physical and mental torture of prisoners increased, Mandela submit complaints to judges who visit; Badenost finally transferred. He was replaced by Commander Willie Willemse that building a good relationship with Mandela and want to improve the standard of prison. In 1975, Mandela became a prisoner of Class A, so he is entitled to a share of visits and letters are larger; he contacted the anti-apartheid activists like Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Desmond Tutu. The same year, he began to write his autobiography which is then smuggled to London, but not published; prison authorities discovered several pages and the right to learn Mandela was suspended for four years. He then spent his time gardening and reading to continue his LLB studies in 1980.
In the late 1960s, Mandela's fame was defeated by Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM). ANC considers ineffective, BCM calling for militant action, but after the Soweto uprising of 1976 many BCM activists imprisoned on Robben Island. Mandela tried to build relationships with these young radicals, although critical of racism and malice against anti-apartheid activists were white. International interest towards the struggle began in July 1978, coinciding with the anniversary of Mandela's 60th. He received a honorary doctorate in Lesotho, Nehru Prize for International Understanding in India in 1970, and the Freedom of the City in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1980. In March 1980, the slogan "Free Mandela!" coined by journalist Percy Qoboza and started an international campaign to force the UN Security Council demanding his release. Although foreign pressure is very large, and the government refuses to rely on a strong Cold War allies such as the United States President Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; Thatcher considers Mandela a communist terrorist and supported the suppression of the ANC.

Pollsmoor Prison: 1982-1988.

In April 1982, Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Tokai, Cape Town along with a number of senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mhlaba; they sure were isolated for the sake of removing their influence on the young activists. Conditions in Pollsmoor better than Robben Island, Mandela felt homesick but the camaraderie and scenery of the island. Friends with the warden Pollsmoor, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was allowed to make a roof garden, as well as large reading and get a ration of 52 letters a year. He was appointed as a protector of a multiracial movement of the United Democratic Front (UDF) was established to fight the government reform South African President P.W. Botha. Botha's National Party-led government to allow citizens Kleurlinge and India choose their own representatives who would organize the education, health, and housing, but black Africans are excluded from this system; like Mandela, the UDF sees this as an effort to break up the anti-apartheid movement in the sector of the race.

Violence across the country increased. Many people worry about civil war. Under pressure from international lobby, multinational banks to stop investing in South Africa, resulting in economic stagnation. Some banks and Thatcher demanded Botha freeing Mandela at the height of his international fame to dampen this unstable situation. Although regarded Mandela "great Marxist" dangerous, in February 1985 Botha offered his release from prison on condition that he "unconditionally reject violence as a political weapon". Mandela refused and released a statement through his daughter, Zindzi, that "Freedom of what was being offered to me if people's organization (ANC) remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner should not be involved in the deal."
In 1985, Mandela underwent surgery to enlargement of the prostate gland before being placed in solitary confinement new downstairs. He met "seven important", ie an international delegation sent to negotiate a settlement of the case, but the government refused cooperation Botha. In June of that year, the government declared a state of emergency and allowing police to dampen the violence. Anti-apartheid rebel against; ANC carry out 231 attacks in 1836 and 1987. With the 235 attack ground forces and right-wing paramilitaries to fight the rebels, the government was secretly funded the Zulu nationalist movement, Inkatha, to attack members of the ANC who then exacerbate violence. Mandela asked for discussions with Botha but rejected, even secret meeting with Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee in 1987, and then meet again as much as 11 times over the past 3 years. Coetsee arrange negotiations between Mandel with a team of four government officials since May 1988; the team agreed to release political prisoners and ratify the ANC on the condition that they should no longer be staged violence, cut ties with the Communist Party, and not impose majority rule. Mandela rejected all of them and confirmed that the ANC would only end the armed rebellion if the government stop the violence.
Anniversary of Mandela's 70th month of January 1988 attracted international attention. BBC held a music concert to Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute at Wembley Stadium, London. Although used as a heroic figure in the whole world, he faced personal problems when the ANC leaders told him that Winnie became head of a criminal gang, "Mandela United Football Club", which is responsible for the torture and murder of opponents, including children in Soweto. Although many people forced Mandela divorced her, she remained faithful until Winnie was found guilty by the court.

Victor Verster prison and liberation: 1988-1990.

Sepulihnya of tuberculosis caused by cells that damp conditions, in December 1988 Mandela was transferred to Victor Verster Prison near Paarl. Here, he lived in the home guards are more comfortable with a private chef; Mandela to use it to complete his LLB studies. Allowed many visitors, Mandela perform confidential communication with the exiled ANC leader, Oliver Tambo. In 1989, Botha suffered a stroke, remain president but step down as chairman of the National Party and was replaced by F. W. de Klerk conservative. Unexpectedly, Botha invited Mandela to drink tea in July 1989; Mandela called it a warm invitation. Botha was replaced as president by de Klerk six weeks later; The new president believed that apartheid is not sustainable, and to release all prisoners except Mandela's ANC unconditionally. After the collapse of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, de Klerk summoned his cabinet to discuss the legalization of the ANC and Mandela's release. Although some cabinet members strongly opposed renccananya, de Klerk met Mandela in December to discuss the situation, a meeting that is considered unfriendly by the two men, before freeing Mandela unconditionally and certify all political parties previously dissolved on February 2, 1990.
After coming out of Victor Verster on February 11, Winnie Mandela's hand in front of the crowd and the press; This event was broadcast live around the world. In the Cape Town City Hall, he delivered a speech stating his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the white minority, but insists that the ANC's armed rebellion has not ended and will continue as a "purely defensive action against the atrocities of apartheid". He hopes the government will agree to negotiate so that the "armed uprising is not needed anymore" and insisted that his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in national and local elections. When staying at home a few days later Desmond Tutu, Mandela met friends, activists and the press, and addressed a crowd of 100,000 people in Soccer City, Johannesburg.

The end of apartheid.
The first negotiations: 1990-1991.

Mandela went on a tour of his African, meet a lot of supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya, and Algeria, then to Sweden for a reunion with Tambo, then London, where he performed in concert Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa, Wembley Stadium. When encouraging foreign countries to support sanctions against the apartheid government, in France he was greeted by President François Mitterrand, in the Vatican City he met Pope John Paul II, and in England he met Margaret Thatcher. In the United States, he met President George H.W. Bush, speaking at the Congress, and visited eight cities; he was popular among African-American community. In Cuba, he met President Fidel Castro who has long digemarinya; both of them are friends. In Asia he met Indian President R. Venkataraman, President Suharto in Indonesia and Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in Malaysia, before visiting Australia and Japan. He actually did not visit the Soviet Union, a long time supporter of the ANC.
In May 1990, Mandela led the ANC's multiracial delegation in preliminary negotiations with a delegation of 11 men Afrikaner government. Mandela impress them with the discussion about the history of the Afrikaner, and these negotiations culminate in Groot Schuur Minute, which is government lifted a state of emergency. In August, the Mandela-recognize the shortcomings of the ANC's military very large-offered a truce, Pretoria Minute, which is why he was severely criticized by activists of the Constitutional Court. He spent a lot of time to unite and build the ANC, appearing at the Johannesburg conference in December which was attended by 1,600 delegates, many of whom Mandela is more moderate than expected. At the ANC national conference in July 1991 in Durban, Mandela admitted shortcomings of this party announced plans to build a "task force strong and firm" in order to gain majority control. At the conference, he was appointed President of the ANC, replacing the ailing Tambo, and the national executive multigender and multiracial been together.
Mandela was given an office in the headquarters of the ANC recently purchased at Shell House, central Johannesburg, and moved with Winnie to a huge house in Soweto. Their marriage was increasingly strained after he knew Winnie affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supports it when Winnie was tried on charges of kidnapping and assault. He obtained funding for defense Winnie the International Defence and Aid and Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but in June 1991 Winnie was convicted and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On April 13, 1992, announced her break with Winnie Mandela, while the ANC forcing Winnie resigned from the national executive due to the misuse of funds ANC; Mandela moved to the outskirts of Johannesburg that is predominantly white, Houghton. Mandela's reputation is getting destroyed by an increase in violence "black-to-black", especially between supporters of the ANC and Inkatha in KwaZulu-Natal, which killed thousands of people. Mandela met the Inkatha leader Buthelezi, but the ANC preventing further negotiations on this issue. Mandela acknowledged that there is a "third force" in the intelligence agencies were fanning of "killing people" and openly blamed the de Klerk-increasingly he believes-on Sebokeng massacre. In September 1991, a national peace conference held in Johannesburg. Mandela, Buthelezi and de Klerk signed a peace treaty, but the violence continues.

Discussion CODESA: 1991-1992.

Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), held in December 1991 at the Johannesburg World Trade Center, was attended by 228 delegates from 19 political parties. Although Cyril Ramaphosa led the delegation of the ANC, Mandela is still a significant figure, and after de Klerk use his closing speech to the ANC condemned the violence, he went on stage and called de Klerk "leader of the minority regime illegitimate and discredited". Because dominated National Party and the ANC, not a lot of negotiations reached. CODESA 2 was held in May 1992. De Klerk force of post-apartheid South Africa should put the federal system with rotational presidency to ensure the safety of ethnic minorities; Mandela refused and demanded unitary system controlled by the majority. After slaughter Boipatong by Inkatha militants who assisted the government against ANC activists, Mandela cancel these negotiations before attending a meeting of the Organisation of African Unity in Senegal. There he requested that the UN Security Council held a special session and UN peacekeepers deployed in South Africa to prevent "terrorist state". The UN immediately sent a special envoy Cyrus Vance to this country to help the negotiation process. Calling for mass action in the country, in August the ANC held the largest strike in South African history and his supporters crowded the streets of Pretoria.

Post Bisho massacre, a shooting by Ciskei Defence Force against 28 supporters of the ANC and one soldier during a demonstration, Mandela realized that the mass action led to further violence and resume negotiations in September. He agreed on the condition that all political prisoners were released, Zulu traditional weapons are prohibited, and hostels Zulu fenced, two last requirement is aimed at preventing further attacks Inkatha; because constantly pressured, de Klerk would not want to agree. Negotiations have agreed multiracial elections will be held, which then formed a coalition government of national unity for five years and a constitutional assembly that gave the National Party a big influence. The ANC also agreed to protect the work of civil servants are white; such a concession was severely criticized in the country. Both approved the interim constitution, guarantees the separation of powers, the court established the constitution and laws of human rights styled United States. These negotiations also divides the country into nine provinces, each with its own leader and its civil service, the agreement between the desire federalism de Klerk and Mandela unity government.
The democratic process is threatened by the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an alliance of parties and the right-wing Afrikaner separatist groups such as the Inkatha blacks; in June 1993, a group of white supremacist Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre. After the murder of ANC leader Chris Hani, Mandela made a speech to quell the unrest, shortly after appearing in a mass funeral in Soweto represents Tambo who died of a stroke. In July 1993, Mandela and de Klerk both been to the United States, President Bill Clinton met separately and each get Liberty Medal. Not long after, they equally get the Nobel Peace Prize in Norway. Influenced by young ANC leader, Thabo Mbeki, Mandela began meeting leaders of big business and silencing her support for nationalization, fearing it would scare away foreign investors who are indispensable. Although criticized ANC members were socialist, he was encouraged to bring a private company by a member of the Communist Party of China and Vietnam at the World Economic Forum in Switzerland in January 1992. Mandela also featured a cameo appearance as a schoolteacher reciting one of Malcolm X speeches in the last scene of the movie Malcolm X (1992).

Elections: 1994.

With the establishment of the election on April 27, 1994, the ANC began campaigning, opening 100 election posts and hiring advisor Stanley Greenberg. Greenberg designed the foundation of the People's Forums across the country, so that Mandela could appear; despite being a poor public speaker, Greenberg is a famous character with a high status among the black population of South Africa. ANC campaigning for Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), a program of construction of one million houses in five years, the creation of free universal education, and expanded access to clean water and electricity. The slogan of the party was "a better life for all" (a better life for all), although not explained where funding. In addition to the Weekly Mail and the New Nation, South Africa opposed the nomination press Mandela, concerned about ethnic conflicts, and support the National Party or the Democratic Party. Mandela spent a lot of time to raise funds for the ANC, around North America, Europe, and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. He also proposed the reduction of voting age limit of 18 years to 14; after the ANC rejected this policy becomes a laughingstock.
Fearing that COSAG would disrupt the elections, especially after the Battle of Bop and Shell House Massacre-each of violence involving AWB and Inkatha-Mandela met several politicians and Afrikaner generals, including P.W. Botha, Pik Botha, and constand Viljoen, to persuade them to join the democratic system, and de Klerk assured Buthelezi of Inkatha for general elections instead of waging a separatist war. As chairman of both major parties, de Klerk and Mandela appeared in a televised debate; although de Kler is widely regarded as the best speaker in the event, Mandela bid to shake him by surprise, so many commentators regard Mandela was the one who wins. The elections took place with little violence, including a car bomb AWB cell that killed 20 people. Mandela voting in Ohlange High School in Durban, and despite being elected president, he admitted openly that the election was full of fraud and sabotage. With 62% of the national vote, the ANC stay a little longer to reach two-thirds majority needed to change the constitution. The ANC also won in seven provinces, while each of the Inkatha and the National Party 1 provinces.

Leadership in South Africa: 1994-1999.

Mandela's inauguration was held in Pretoria on May 10, 1994, broadcast to one billion viewers worldwide. This event was attended by 4,000 guests, including world leaders from a variety of backgrounds. In addition to the President of South Africa's first black, Mandela also became head of the Government of National Unity dominated ANC who just do not have any experience in government but also involving representatives of the National Party and Inkatha. As per the agreement earlier, de Klerk became the first vice president, while Thabo Mbeki as deputy in a second term. Although Mbeki is not his first choice for this position, Mandela became very dependent on him throughout his reign and allow Mbeki work out the details of policy. After moving to the president's office at Tuynhuys in Cape Town, Mandela allowed de Klerk remained at the presidential residence in the castle Groote Schuur and not in the castle Westbrooke were renamed "Genadendal" which means "Valley of Relief" in Afrikaans. In addition to maintaining his home in Houghton, he also built a house in his hometown, Qunu. He often visited Qunu, the streets there, meet local people and tribal disputes decided.

At the age of 76 years, he faces a variety of diseases, and despite having enough power, he felt isolated and left alone. He often entertained celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls. He also made friends with a number of wealthy businessmen such as Harry Oppenheimer of Anglo-American, and British Queen Elizabeth II on a state visit to South Africa in March 1995, so that Mandela has been extensive criticism of followers of anti-capitalist in the ANC. Although people around him live well, Mandela lived simply and donate a third of annual salary of 552,000 rand to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he founded in 1995. While speaking out in support of freedom of the press and made friends with many journalists, Mandela was critical of most of the media in his country because it is owned and operated middle-class white people and believe they are the focus of scaring the audience with crime news. After sitting in the presidential chair, Mandela change clothes several times a day and one of Mandela's trademarks was his batik shirt known as "Madiba shirts". He always wore even in a formal setting.
December 1994, Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, was finally published. In late 1994, he attended the 49th ANC conference in Bloemfontein. There are more militant National Executive selected, including Winnie Mandela; although Winnie interested in reconciliation, Nelson started divorce proceedings in August 1995. In 1995, he had a relationship with Graça Machel, Mozambique are 27 political activists are younger and is the widow of former president Samora Machel. They first met in July 1990 when Machel still grieving, but their friendship developed into lovers. Machel often accompany Mandela during his visit abroad. He refused a marriage proposal first Mandela because they want more free and able to divide his time between Mozambique and Johannesburg.

National reconciliation.

Leading the transition from minority rule to democracy multicultural apartheid, Mandela saw national reconciliation as the main task of his administration. After seeing African countries devastated by the post-colonial elite abandoned whites, Mandela seeks to ensure the white population of South Africa that they are protected and represented in the "Rainbow Nation" is. Mandela seeks to create the widest possible coalition in the cabinet. De Klerk became the first vice president, while officials other National Party became the minister of Agriculture, Energy, Environment, and Minerals and Energy, and Buthelezi became Minister of the Interior. The other cabinet posts occupied by ANC members, most of whom-like Joe Modise, Alfred NZO, Joe Slovo, Mac Maharaj, and Dullah Omar-is-arms, although others such as Tito Mboweni and Jeff Radebe is far younger. Mandela relationship with de Klerk tenuous; Mandela de Klerk suspect deliberately provocative, while de Klerk felt he was deliberately humiliated by the president. In January 1995, Mandela criticized soundly de Klerk for grant amnesty to 3,500 police just before the election, and then criticize him for protecting the former defense minister Magnus Malan accused of murder.

Mandela personally met senior figures of the apartheid regime, including Hendrik Verwoerd's widow Betsie Schoombie and attorney Percy Yutar; emphasizes the provision of personal forgiveness and reconciliation, he announced that "the people dare not afraid to forgive for the sake of peace." He pushed the black population of South Africa to support the national football team who previously hated, Springboks when South Africa hosted the Rugby World Cup 1995. After the Springboks won the final against New Zealand, Mandela present the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner, wearing clothes Sprinboks with the number 6 had Pienaar in tow. It is widely regarded as a major stepping reconciliation of white and black population of South Africa; as it says de Klerk, "Mandela won the hearts of millions of football fans were white." Mandela reconciliation efforts dampen fears of the white community, but also drew criticism from the militant blacks. His ex-wife, Winnie, accused the ANC is more interested in satisfying the white man rather than to help blacks.
More controversially, Mandela was involved in the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate apartheid-era crimes by the government and the ANC and appointed Desmond Tutu as its chair. To prevent the emergence of a martyr, the Commission granted amnesty in exchange for testimony individuals with crimes committed during the apartheid era. Established in February 1996, the Commission held hearings for two years detailing cases of rape, torture, bombings, and murders, before issuing a final report in October 1998. Both de Klerk and Mbeki demanding portion of the report deleted, but only demands that de Klerk fulfilled. Mandela praised the Commission's work while claiming they "have helped us move on from the past to concentrate on the present and the future".

Programs in the country.

Mr Mandela's government inherited a country with wealth disparity and services enormous among white and black communities. With a population of 40 million people, approximately 23 million are not connected to the electricity or adequate sanitation, 12 million people have no safe water supply, and 2 million children are not in school and a third of the population is illiterate. 33% of the people are unemployed and almost half the population lives below the poverty line. The government's financial reserves are running low and a fifth of the national budget is spent to pay debts, meaning that coverage Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), which promised to be depreciated and no nationalization or job creation. The government instead adopted a liberal economic policies to promote foreign investment, follow the "Washington consensus" issued by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
Under the administration of Mandela, welfare budget increased by 13% in 1996/97, 13% in 1997/98, and 7% in 1998/99. Government introduced equality for public aid, including aid the disabled, child care assistance, as well as the elderly pension funds, which had previously given levels for different racial groups in South Africa. In 1994, free health care given to children under 6 years of age and pregnant women, a rule whose scope is extended to all public sector health service users base level in 1996. In the 1999 elections, the ANC said that because of their policies, 3 million people are connected to the phone, 1.5 million children are educated, 500 clinics renewed or built, 2 million people are connected to electricity, clean water access was expanded to 3 million people, and 750,000 houses were built with a total of almost 3 million inhabitants.
Land Return Act 1994 allows people who lost property as a result of land Act, 1913, natives reclaim their land. Tens of thousands of people successfully complete their land claims.
3 Land Reform Act of 1996 protects the rights of labor tenants who live and grow crops or livestock on the farm. This legislation ensures tenants can not be evicted without a court order or the age exceeds 65 years. Ability Development Act 1998 establishes a series of mechanisms to finance and promote the development of capabilities in the workplace. Labor Relations Act in 1995 to promote democracy in the workplace, collective bargaining in an orderly and effective resolution of labor disputes. Basic Requirements Employment Act 1997 repair work mechanism and expand the "scope" rights to all workers, while the Employment Equality Act 1998 was passed to end unfair discrimination and ensure the implementation of agreed action in the workplace.
Unfortunately a lot of problems in the country. Some critics such as Edwin Cameron Mandela accused the government of doing little to dampen the HIV / AIDS epidemic in that country; In 1999, 10% of the population of South Africa tested positive for HIV. Mandela later admitted that he personally ignore the problem and menyutuh Mbeki handle. Mandela was also criticized for failing to fight crime, that's why South Africa has one of the highest crime rates in the world; This is also the main reason is said to be 750,000 whites who emigrated in the late 1990s. Government corruption scandals flooded Mandela and Mandela himself is considered "soft" against corruption and greed.

Foreign relations.

Follow the example of South Africa, Mandela encourages other countries resolve conflicts through diplomacy and reconciliation. He repeated the call Mbeki's "African Renaissance" and cares deeply about the problem in the continent. He took a softer diplomatic approach to bring down the military junta Sani Abacha in Nigeria but it becomes a main character that requires sanctions when Abacha regime constantly violates human rights. In 1996, he was appointed as Chairman of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and start negotiating an end to the First Congo War in Zaire that later proved unsuccessful. In military operations first post-apartheid South Africa, Mandela ordered troops entered Lesotho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili after a disputed election triggered opposition uprising.
In September 1998, Mandela was appointed as Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement and held its annual conference in Durban. He took advantage of this event to criticize the "narrow interests and chauvinistic" Israeli government for obstructing the negotiations to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and forcing India and Pakistan to negotiate to end the Kashmir conflict, and also because he was criticized by Israel and India. Inspired by the economic boom in the region, Mandela strengthen economic relations with East Asia, particularly in Malaysia, although interrupted by the Asian financial crisis of 1997. He sparked controversy because close friends with Indonesian President Suharto, whose regime was responsible for a large number of human rights violations , Mandela personally persuaded Suharto to withdraw its troops from East Timor.
Mandela faced similar criticism from the western world because friends with Fidel Castro and Muammar Gaddafi. Castro visited South Africa in 1998 and welcomed the community, while Mandela met Gaddafi in Libya to confer the Order of Good Hope to him. When western governments and media criticized the visits, calling their criticism Mandela racist. Mandela hoped to resolve the problem that would not go uai between Libya and the United States and Britain about the trial of two Libyans, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was tried in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging Pan Am Flight 103. The Mandela suggested that they be tried in the country approved third of all parties involved. Following the law of Scotland, this court held at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands in April 1999 and declared one of them guilty.

Withdrawal from politics.

This Constitution establishes a series of institutions to oversee the political and administrative authority within the framework of constitutional democracy. De Klerk still oppose the application of this constitution and withdraw from the coalition government in protest. ANC took over the positions previously held cabinet National Party; Mbeki became Vice President of the single. If one day Mandela together Mbkei are abroad, Buthelezi was appointed as "Provisional President". This indicates an improvement in the relationship between himself and Mandela.
Mandela stepped down as ANC president at a conference in December 1997, and even hoping Ramaphosa would replace him, the ANC chose Mbeki as president; Mandela admitted that at the time Mbeki has become a "de facto President of the country". Replace Mbeki as Deputy President, Mandela and the Executive supports the candidacy of Jacob Zuma, a Zulu who was imprisoned on Robben Island, but he was challenged Winnie, whose populist gave him a lot of followers in the party; Zuma defeated by a landslide in the election.
Machel Mandela relationship with intensified; in February 1998 he stated that "I fell in love with a woman who was exceptional", and under pressure from his friend Desmond Tutu, who forced him into a role model for the youth, he organized the wedding anniversary Mandela 80th July. The next day, he held a big party attended by several foreign guests. Mandela never planned to run for a second time and valedictorian at March 29, 1999. After that he retired.

Retirement.
Continuation activism: 1999-2004.

Retired in June 1999, Mandela chose the quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. He was about to write the sequel to his autobiography entitled The Presidential Years, but abandoned before it is published. Because they think life itself is hard, he switched to public life busy with daily program full of tasks, meet world leaders and celebrities, and in Johannesburg working with the Nelson Mandela Foundation was founded in 1999 to focus on combating HIV / AIDS, rural development, and development school. Despite extensive criticism for failing to do that is appropriate to prevent such outbreaks during his reign, he spent much of his time to this issue after retirement and call it "war" that killed more than "previous wars". He also asked the government guarantees Mbeki of South Africans who have HIV + get a retrovirus. In 2000, the charity golf tournament held Nelson Mandela Invitational hosted by Gary Player. Mandela had recovered from prostate cancer in July 2001.
In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was formed in 2003 at Rhodes House, University of Oxford, to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. These projects followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the 46664 campaign against HIV / AIDS. He delivered a closing speech at the XIII International AIDS Conference in Durban in 2000, and in 2004, he spoke at the XV International AIDS Conference in Bangkok, Thailand.
Publicly, Mandela increasingly loudly criticized Western countries. He strongly opposed the NATO intervention in Kosovo in 1999 and called it a strong effort nations the world to be the world's policeman. In 2003, he opposed the plan of the United States and Great Britain launched the war in Iraq, calling it "a tragedy" and denounced US President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair as UN understatement. He generally attacked the US, confirmed that the country is doing "very untold violence" around the world than any other country, calling the atomic bombings in Japan; This statement sparked international kontroveris, although he continued his relationship with Blair. Attracted by the Libyan-British relations, she bent Barlinnie Megrahi in prison and did not receive his or her treatment; he called the treatment "psychological torture."

"The retirement of retirement": 2004-present.

in June 2004, at the age of 85 years old and deteriorating health, Mandela announced that he "retired from retirement" and withdrew from public life and saying "Do not call me, I'll call you." Although it continues to meet close friends and family, Foundation continues to refuse an invitation to Mandela appeared in public events and dismissed most interview requests. He remains involved in international affairs and push Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe to resign because of the increasing human rights violations in the country. Having proved ineffective, he spoke out against Mugabe in 2007, asked him to get down "with respect and dignity." That year, Mandela, Machel, and Desmond Tutu world leaders gather in Johannesburg to contribute their independent thinking and leadership to resolve a number of the most difficult problems in the world. Mandela announced the formation of his new group, The Elders, in a speech delivered on the 89th anniversary.

Anniversary of Mandela's 90th celebrated throughout South Africa on July 18, 2008. The main feast is held in Qunu and concert held in his honor in Hyde Park, London. In a speech to the event, Mandela asked all the rich help the poor around the world. Throughout the reign of Mbeki, Mandela continued to support the ANC, although usually overshadowed Mbeki at any public event attended by both. Mandela easier to socialize with replacement Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was disappointed because his grandson, Chief Mandla Mandela, fly to the Eastern Cape to attend the general meeting of pro-Zuma in a storm in 2009.
Since 2004, Mandela managed to campaign for South Africa to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup while stating that there "is no better gift for us in" warning decade since the fall of apartheid. Although it remains closed throughout the event, Mandela for the first time to perform at the closing ceremony and got a "welcome joyous day".

Health.

In February 2011, he was lodged in the hospital due to respiratory infection before it lodged back due to a lung infection and gallstones removal in December 2012. After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013, his lung infection recurred and he was rushed to the hospital in Pretoria.
On June 8, 2013, his lung infection worsened and she was rushed back to hospital in Pretoria in a serious predicament. After four days, it was reported that he was stable and was in "serious but stable condition". On the way to the hospital, the ambulance broke down and got stuck at the roadside for 40 minutes; South African government has been criticized over the incident after confirming its report a few weeks later, but President Jacob Zuma to fight back that "There are seven doctors in the convoy were in full control of the situation at that time. He received medical treatment from the experts."
On June 22, 2013, CBS News said that she had not opened her eyes for days and unresponsive, and his family to discuss how much medical intervention should be given. Date June 23, 2013, President Jacob Zuma released a statement that Mandela's condition is getting "critical". Zuma, accompanied by Vice President of the ANC, Cyril Ramaphosa, met Mandela's wife Graça Machel at the hospital in Pretoria and discuss his condition. June 25, the Archbishop of Cape Town Thabo Makgoba visit Mandela in hospital and prayed with Graça Machel Mandela "at times difficult to watch and wait". The next day, visit Mandela and Zuma canceled a visit the next day to Mozambique. Relatives Mandela told The Daily Telegraph that he was wearing a life support machine.

Personal and public life.
Citra.

Across the world, Mandela looks like the "moral authority" who have "concern for the truth" were great. Considered friendly, Mandela looked "relaxed" when talking to other people, including his rivals. Although often friends with billionaire and important guests, he enjoyed talking with staffs them while on official duty. in life ended, he was known to look for the best out of everyone, even maintaining his political rivals as allies; some people find them too trusting of others. he was known for stubbornness and loyalty, and have " hot temper "that could explode into anger in certain situations, as well as" moody and upset "when away from the public eye. He also has a sense of humor and often ignorant. Dalai Lama 14 is a longtime friend of former president Nelson Mandela.
Very conscious of his image, throughout his life Mandela wearing the clothes of high quality, made himself a "royal style" because it affected his childhood in Thembu royal house, and during his rule often compared with a constitutional monarch. Considered as the "master of image and appearance", he was very smart to ask him when the press photographed and mouth are often a sound bite.

Political ideology.

Mandela was an African nationalist, ideological positions which he held continuously since joining the ANC, as well as a "democrat and socialist". Although present yourself with style autocratic in his speech, Mandela was an adherent of democracy and will abide by the majority decision even if he strongly disagreed. He holds the belief that "engagement, accountability, and freedom of speech" are the foundations of democracy, and is driven by a belief in natural rights and human rights.
As a democratic socialist, Mandela "openly opposed to capitalism, private land ownership, and the strength of deep pockets". Influenced by Marxism, during the revolution Mandela called scientific socialism, although he declined branded communists in the Treason Trial. David James Smith biographer suspect this is not true and stated that Mandela "of communism and communists" in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although he tends to "fellow adventurers" rather than party members. In the Freedom Charter in 1955, the formulation of which helped Mandela, it demanded the nationalization of banks, gold mines, and land, believes it is necessary to ensure a fair distribution of wealth. Although a trust like this, Mandela did not nationalize anything during his reign, afraid he would frighten foreign investors. This decision was influenced half the fall of Socialism in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc throughout the early 1990s.

Family.

Mandela has been married three times, became the father of six children, had 17 grandchildren per April 2013, and great-grandchildren are growing. It is not considered physically demonstrative with his children, Mandela could be harsh and demanding with them, but even more dear to his grandchildren.
Mandela's first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase, who came from the Transkei and met in Johannesburg before getting married in October 1944. They separated in 1957 after 13 years of marriage, and divorce due Mandela often accused of cheating and not being at home, faithful to the revolutionary struggle and the fact that Evelyn was a member of Jehovah's Witnesses, a religion which requires political neutrality. [86] the couple have two sons, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile (1946-1969) and Makgatho Mandela (1950-2005), and two daughters, both of them named Makaziwe Mandela (known as Maki, born 1947 and 1953). Their first daughter died at the age of nine months and they gave the name of his second daughter the same as it was out of respect. Mase died in 2004 and Mandela attended his funeral. Makgatho's son, Mandla Mandela, became the head of the tribal council Mvezo in 2007.
Mandela's second wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, also came from the Transkei although they also met in Johannesburg, where Winnie became the first black social worker in town. They had two daughters, Zenani (Zeni), born February 4, 1958, and Zindziswa (Zindzi) Mandela-Hlongwane, born 1960. Zindzi only 18 months old when her father was sent to Robben Island. Winnie later was devastated as a result of a family squabble that resembles the nation's political turmoil; her husband is currently serving a prison sentence for life on Robben Island, his father became agriculture minister in the Transkei. This marriage ended in separation (April 1992) and divorce (March 1996), compounded by political exile. Mandela was still in prison when his daughter, Zenani, was married in 1973 to Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini, brother of King Mswati III of Swaziland and Queen Mantfombi of the Zulu people. Although he had a clear recollection of her father, from the age of four to sixteen years, South African authorities forbade her to see him. In July 2012, Zenani appointed as ambassador to Argentina and became the first Mandela children who entered public life.
Mandela remarried on his 80th birthday in 1998 by Graça Machel (née Simbine), widow of Samora Machel, the former president of Mozambique and ANC ally who was killed in a plane crash 12 years earlier.

Influence.

In South Africa, Mandela is often called by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba.
Awards and monuments.
In South Africa, Mandela is widely regarded as the "father of the nation", and "founding father of democracy", regarded as the "liberator of the nation, the savior, Washington and Lincoln rolled into one". In 2004, Mandela Johannesburg provides keys to the city, and Sandton Square shopping center was renamed Nelson Mandela Square after a Mandela statue installed there. In 2008, Mandela statue installed in Groot Drakenstein Correctional Centre, formerly Victor Verster Prison, near Cape Town, at the point where Mandela was released from prison.
He has also received much praise from the international community. In 1993, he received the Nobel Peace Prize together with de Klerk. In November 2009, United Nations General Assembly establishes Mandela's birthday, July 18, as "Mandela Day", which marks his contribution to the anti-apartheid struggle. This warning asking everyone to donate 67 minutes of their time helping others. The figure is drawn from 67 years of Mandela's involvement in the anti-apartheid movement.
In addition to the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Order of Canada, he was the first living person who acquired the status of honorary citizen of Canada. After becoming the final recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize of the Soviet Union, in 1990 he received the Bharat Ratna Award from the government of India, and in 1992 he received the Nishan-e-Pakistan from Pakistan. In 1992, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey. He rejected it because it was Turkey conducted a series of human rights violations, but finally accepted Mandela in 1999. Mandela Elizabeth II conferred the Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St. John and the Order of Merit.

Art.

Many artists who dedicated songs to Mandela. One of the most famous song is "Free Nelson Mandela" of The Special AKA in 1983, which was also sung by Elvis Costello and the equally famous. Stevie Wonder dedicates an Oscar in 1985 for the song "I Just Called to Say I Love You" was to Mandela, to the extent that his music was banned by the South African Broadcasting Corporation. In 1985, the album Youssou N'Dour Nelson Mandela is a Senegalese artist's first release in the United States. Other artists who released songs or videos as a tribute to Mandela include Johnny Clegg, Hugh Masekela, Brenda Fassie, Beyond, Nickelback, Raffi, and Ampie du Preez and AB de Villiers.

Film and television.

Mandela has been featured in movies and television several times. Film 1997, Mandela and de Klerk, starring Sidney Poitier, who plays Mandela, while Dennis Haysbert acted out in Goodbye Bafana (2007). In a BBC television film in 2009, Mrs Mandela, Nelson Mandela, played by David Harewood, and Morgan Freeman play it in Invictus (2009).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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Date Published: May 11 2016 at 09:33

Tag : Nelson Mandela.