Biography.
Raden Kartini Adjeng come from the gentry or nobility Java class. She was the daughter of Raden Mas Duke Ario Sosroningrat, a governor who was appointed regent of Jepara Kartini was born soon after. Kartini was the daughter of the first wife, but not the principal wife. His mother named M.A. Ngasirah, daughter of Haji Nyai Siti Aminah and Kyai Haji Madirono, a religious teacher in Telukawur, Jepara. From his father's side, Kartini lineage can be traced to Hamengkubuwana VI. Regent Sosroningrat lineage can be traced back even to the palace of the kingdom of Majapahit. Since Prince Dangirin became regent of Surabaya in the 18th century, the ancestors of Sosroningrat fill many key positions in pradja Praja.Kartini's father was originally a district officer in Mayong. Colonial rule then requires a regent hath nobleman. Because M.A. Ngasirah not the high nobility, then his father remarried with Raden Adjeng Woerjan (Moerjam), a direct descendant of King Madura. After the marriage, the Kartini's father was appointed as regent in Jepara can replace the biological father R.A. Woerjan, R.A.A. Tjitrowikromo.
Kartini was the 5th child of 11 siblings and stepfather. Of all siblings, Kartini is the eldest daughter. His grandfather, Prince Ario Tjondronegoro IV, was appointed regent at the age of 25 years and became known in the mid-19th century as one of the first district that gave Western education to their children. Kartini's brother, Sosrokartono, a very intelligent man in the field of language. Until the age of 12 years, Kartini allowed to attend school in the ELS (Europese Lagere School). Among other Kartini learn Dutch. But after age 12, she had to stay home because they can be secluded.
Because Kartini could speak Dutch, then at home he began to learn on their own and wrote letters to friends correspondence coming from the Netherlands. One is Rosa Abendanon that much support. From books, newspapers, and magazines Europe, Kartini's interest in European feminist thinking. Arise desire to promote indigenous women, because he saw that indigenous women are at a low social status.
Kartini many read newspapers Semarang who nurtured Pieter De Locomotief Brooshooft, he also received leestrommel (package bookstore magazine circulated to the subscription). This includes the magazine culture and science are quite heavy, there is also a Dutch women's magazine De Hollandsche Lelie. Kartini was then several times sending his writings and published in De Hollandsche Lelie. From her letters seemed Kartini read everything attentively, while making notes. Sometimes Kartini called one essay or quote a few sentences. His attention was not solely about the emancipation of women, but also the common social problems. Kartini saw the struggle of women to obtain their freedom, autonomy and legal equality as part of a broader movement. Among the books read Kartini before the age of 20, there is the title of Max Havelaar and Love Letters Multatuli, who in November 1901 has been read twice. De Stille Kraacht (Magical Power) by Louis Coperus. Then the work of Van Eeden, Augusta de Witt's work is mediocre, roman-feminist work Goekoop de-Jong Mrs Van Beek and an anti-war romance bouquet of Berta Von Suttner, Die Waffen Nieder (Put Weapons). All of them speak Dutch.
By his parents, Kartini told to marry a regent of Rembang, K.R.M. Duke Ario Singgih Djojo Adhiningrat, who already had three wives. Kartini married on November 12, 1903. Her husband understood Kartini desires and Kartini given the freedom to establish schools and supported women in the east gate Apex district office complex, or in a building that is now used as a Boy Scout Building.
The first and last child at the same time, Soesalit Djojoadhiningrat, was born on September 13, 1904. A few days later, September 17, 1904, Kartini died at the age of 25 years. Kartini was buried in the village of Bulu Bulu subdistrict, Rembang.
Thanks to his perseverance Kartini, then founded School of Women by the Kartini Foundation in Semarang in 1912, and then in Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Malang, Madiun, Cirebon and other areas. The school name is "Kartini Schools". Kartini Foundation was founded by the family Van Deventer, a figure Ethical Policy.
Letters.
After Kartini died, Mr. J.H. Abendanon collect and record the letters which had been sent R.A Kartini to his friends in Europe. Abendanon then served as Minister of Culture, Religion, and Crafts Indies. The book was entitled The Door Duisternis tot Licht which literally means "From Darkness Into Light". Book collection of Kartini's letters was published in 1911. This book is printed five times, and at last there is an additional mold Kartini's letters.In 1922, Balai Pustaka published in Malay with a title that translates to Out of Darkness to Light: Boeah Mind, which is a translation by the Four Brothers. Then in 1938, out Out of Darkness to Light version Armijn a poet poet New Pane. Armijn divides the book into five chapters discussion to indicate a change in thinking Kartini all the time correspondence. This version was printed as many as eleven times. Kartini's letters in English has also been translated by Agnes L. Symmers. In addition, Kartini's letters also been translated into languages Javanese and Sundanese.
Publication of Kartini's letters, a native woman, very interesting Dutch society, and Kartini's thoughts began to change the view of Dutch society against indigenous women in Java. Kartini's thoughts contained in his letters was also the inspiration for the national awakening figures Indonesia, among others W.R. Soepratman who created a song called Ibu Kita Kartini.
Thought.
Kartini's letters written his thoughts about the social conditions of the time, especially about conditions of indigenous women. Most of the letters contain complaints, particularly regarding culture in Java which is seen as a barrier to the advancement of women. She wanted women to have the freedom to study and learn. Kartini was writing ideas and ideals, as written, and Zelf Zelf-ontwikkeling-onderricht, Zelf- vertrouwen and Zelf-werkzaamheid and also Solidariteit. All that on the basis Religieusiteit, Wijsheid en Schoonheid (ie Godhead, Wisdom and Beauty), coupled with humanitarianism (humanity) and nationalism (patriotism).Kartini's letters also contain hopes to get help from the outside. In the introduction to Estelle "Stella" Zeehandelaar, Kartini reveal a desire to be like the young people of Europe. He described the suffering of women due to the confines of traditional Java, which can not be free in school, should be secluded, married to a man unknown, and must be willing to co-wife.
Kartini's letters reveal much about the obstacles that must be faced when a woman aspires to be a more advanced Java. Despite having a father who is more advanced because it has to send his daughters even if only until the age of 12 years, it still closed the door to get there. Kartini very loving father, but it turned out to love for the father also eventually become a major obstacle to realizing the ideals. The father in the letter also expressed so loved the Kartini. He mentioned finally allowed Kartini to study to become a teacher in Batavia, although previously not allowed Kartini to continue their studies to the Netherlands or to enter medical school in Batavia.
Kartini desire to continue his studies, especially to Europe, it is revealed in his letters. Some friends questioner supports and seeks to realize the desire Kartini. When finally Kartini cancel the desire that almost materialized, expressed their disappointment of the friends of the pen. Intentions and plans to study in the Netherlands was finally switched to Batavia only after advised by Mrs Abendanon that it is best for Kartini and her sister Rukmini.
In mid 1903 at the age of about 24 years, the intention to continue his studies to become a teacher in Batavia came to nothing. In a letter to Mrs Abendanon, Kartini reveal not intend anymore because he was getting married. "... Short and short, that I no longer want to use that opportunity, because I had to be married ..." And then the teaching departments of the Netherlands has opened the door of opportunity for Kartini and Rukmini to study in Batavia.
Just before the wedding, there is a change Kartini assessment about Javanese tradition. He became more tolerant. He considers marriage to be a distinct advantage in realizing the desire to establish a school for native women at the time. In her letters, Kartini mentioned that the husband not only supports her desire to develop carving Jepara and the school for native women, but also mentioned that Kartini can write a book.
Kartini's thoughts change implies that he had already been stripped of his ego and become men putting transcendence, that when Kartini nearly getting his dream to go to school in Batavia, he prefers to sacrifice to follow the principle of patriarchy that had been opposed, namely married to the Duke of Rembang.
Books Out of Darkness to Light.
In 1922, by four brothers, Duisternis Door Tot Licht presented in Malay with the title Out of Darkness to Light; Boeah mind. The book was published by Balai Pustaka. Armijn Pane, one of the pioneers of New Poet writer, noted as one of the translators of Kartini's letters to the Out of Darkness to Light. He was also touted as the Four Brothers.In 1938, the book Out of Darkness to Light reissued in a different format with books translated from Duisternis Door Tot Licht. Pane Armijn translation book is printed eleven times. In addition, Kartini's letters also been translated into Javanese and Sundanese. Armijn Pane presents Kartini's letters in a format different from the earlier books. He divided the collection of these letters into five chapters discussion. The division he do to show the existence of stages or changes in attitudes and thinking Kartini during corresponded. In the new version of the book, Armijn Pane also shrink the number of Kartini's letters. There are only 87 letters Kartini in "Out of Darkness to Light". The cause is not publishing the entire letter is in reference books Duisternis Door Tot Licht, is there are similarities in some of the letters. Another reason is to keep the storyline to be like romance. According Armijn Pane, Kartini's letters can be read as a romance women's lives. It also became one of the explanations why these letters he divided into five chapters discussion.
Kartini's letters, Musings About and For Her people.
Kartini's letters also translated by Sulastin Sutrisno. At first Sulastin translate Duisternis Door Tot Licht at the University of Leiden, the Netherlands, when he continued his studies in literature in 1972. One of the lecturers at Leiden ask Sulastin to translate the book collection of Kartini's letters. The purpose of the lecturer is that Sulastin can master the Dutch language with quite perfect. Then, in 1979, a book containing translations Sulastin Sutrisno full version Duisternis Door Tot Licht was published.
Book of letters Sutrisno Sulastin version published under the title Letters Kartini, Meditations About and For Her people. According Sulastin, the title should have been according to the Dutch translation is: "Letters Kartini, Meditations On and Java for the Nation". Sulastin rate, although written Java, which didamba Kartini is progress indeed by the entire nation of Indonesia.
Sulastin translated books instead want to present complete Kartini's letters that exist in Duisternis Door Tot Licht. In addition to letters published in Kartini, Meditations About and For Her people, the translation Sulastin Sutrisno also used in the book Kartini's letters to Mrs. RM Abendanon-Mandri and her husband.
Letters from Kartini, an Indonesian Feminist 1900-1904
Another book containing translations of Kartini's letters is Letters from Kartini, an Indonesian Feminist 1900-1904. His interpreter was Joost Coté. He did not just translate the letters that exist in Duisternis Door Tot Licht Abendanon version. Joost Coté also translate entire original letter Kartini on Mrs Abendanon-Mandri latest findings. In the translated book Joost Coté, can be found letters that is sensitive and does not exist in Duisternis Door Tot Licht Abendanon version. According to Joost Coté, the whole struggle Kartini and obstructionism on her own time to be revealed.The book Letters from Kartini, an Indonesian Feminist 1900-1904 contains 108 Kartini's letters to Mrs. Rosa Manuela Abendanon-Mandri and her husband JH Abendanon. Including: 46 letters made Rukmini, Kardinah, Kartinah, and Soematrie.
Call Me Kartini Only
In addition to a collection of letters, reading which is more focused on thinking Kartini also published. One is Call Me Kartini Only works of Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Books Call Me Kartini Only visible is the result of the collection of data from various sources by Pramoedya.Kartini's letters to Mrs. RM Abendanon-Mandri and her husband
The end of 1987, Sulastin Sutrisno gave a new picture about Kartini through books Kartini's letters to Mrs. RM Abendanon-Mandri and her husband. Previous picture shaped more than a collection of letters written to Abendanon, published in Duisternis Door Tot Licht.
Kartini emancipation presented as a fighter who is very advanced in the way of thinking than the Javanese women in his time. In a letter dated October 27, 1902, cited that Kartini wrote to Mrs Abendanon that he has started refrain from eating meat, even several years prior to the letter, which indicates that Kartini was a vegetarian. In the herd, Kartini's letters always cut beginning and end. In fact, parts of it showing affection to Abendanon Kartini. Many other things raised again by Sulastin Sutrisno.
I Want ... Feminism and Nationalism. Kartini's letters to Stella Zeehandelaar 1899-1903
A book of letters to Stella Zeehandelaar period 1899-1903 was published to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death. Its contents show another face Kartini. Collection of Kartini's letters were collected Dr Joost Cote, translated under the title I Want ... Feminism and Nationalism. Kartini's letters to Stella Zeehandelaar 1899-1903.
"I Want ..." is the motto of Kartini. Piece of expression it represents a figure which has not been seen and used as a subject of conversation. Kartini talked about many things: social, cultural, religious, and even corruption.
Controversy.
There are those who doubt the veracity of Kartini's letters. There are allegations J.H. Abendanon, Minister of Culture, Religion, and Crafts at the time, manipulate the Kartini's letters. These suspicions arose because Kartini book published when the Dutch colonial administration pursued a policy of ethical Indies, and Abendanon including stakeholders and support the ethical politics. Up to now most of the original manuscript letters not known to exist. According to the deceased Sulastin Sutrisno, trace descent J.H. Abendanon was difficult to trace the Dutch Government.Determination of the date of birth of Kartini as a great day also somewhat debatable. Parties that do not so agree, suggested that not only celebrate Kartini Day, but at the same time celebrate the Mother's Day on 22 December. The reason they are so no favoritism with the heroes of other Indonesian women, because there is still a heroine that is no less intense with Kartini like Cut Nyak Dien, Martha Christina Tiahahu, Dewi Sartika and so they lain.Menurut, Kartini's struggle region only in Jepara and Rembang course, Kartini also never bear arms against the invaders. Its pro against polygamy is also contrary to the views of feminists on the meaning of the emancipation of women. And various other reasons. The pro says Kartini is not just a figure of women's emancipation that uplift women Indonesia alone, but is a national figure; that is to say, by the reforming ideas and he has fought for the interests of the nation. How he thought already pervading the national struggle.
Kartini Day.
President Sukarno of Indonesia issued Presidential Decree 108 of 1964, dated May 2, 1964, which established the National Independence Hero Kartini as well as set the Kartini's birthday, April 21, to be observed every year as the big day that became known as the Day of Kartini.The road name in the Netherlands.
Utrecht: At Utrecht Road R.A. Kartini or Kartinistraat is one of the main roads, U-shaped which is bigger than the streets using a name other struggle leaders like Augusto Sandino, Steve Biko, Che Guevara, Agostinho Neto.Venlo: In Venlo South Holland, R.A. Kartinistraat shaped 'O' in the region Hagerhof, in the vicinity there are street names heroine Anne Frank and Mathilde Wibaut.
Amsterdam: In the region of Amsterdam Zuidoost or better known as the Bijlmer, road Raden Kartini Adjeng written in full. Around it are the names of women from around the world who have contributed in history: Rosa Luxemburg, Nilda Pinto, Isabella Richaards.
Haarlem: In Haarlem Kartini street adjacent to the Mohammed Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir and straight through to the second president of Chris Soumokil South Maluku Republic.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/04/about-ra-kartini.html
Date Published: 20 April 2016 at 15:03
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