Youth and education Dunant.
Dunant was born in Geneva, Switzerland, the first son of businessman Jean-Jacques Dunant and his wife Antoinette Dunant-Colladon. His family are adherents mashab Kalvin ( '' Calvinist '') which is an obedient and have significant influence among the people of Geneva. Both parents stressed the importance of social activities. His father was active helping orphans and inmates serving parole, while her social activities to help the sick and the poor.Dunant grew in the period of religious awakening known as the Réveil. At the age of 18, he joined the Association of Charity Geneva (Geneva Society for Alms Giving). In the following year, along with his friends, he founded the association called "Thursday Association", a group of young people without formal membership ties to meet regularly to study the Bible and help the poor. Many spare time he spent on prison visits and social activities. On November 30, 1852, Dunant founded the YMCA branch in Geneva. Three years later, he participated in the Paris meeting aimed at forming YMCA become an international organization.
In 1849, at age 21, Dunant was forced to leave Calvin College (Collège Calvin) because of poor academic achievement. He then became an apprentice in the foreign exchange market called Lullin et Sautter. Once the apprenticeship is completed with a good performance, he was appointed as an employee of the bank.
Algeria.
In 1853, Dunant visited Algeria, Tunisia, and Sicily as assigned by the company that serves "the colonial territories Setif", ie a company called Compagnie genevoise de Colonies de Setif. Despite lacking experience, Dunant successfully complete the assignment satisfactorily. Inspired by the experience of the trip, Dunant for the first time to write a book, which he titled Notice sur la Régence de Tunis (The Tale of Regensi in Tunisia). This book was published in 1858.In 1856, Dunant founded the company that operates in the colonial territories overseas and, after obtaining the concession from Algeria when it was under the occupation of France, he also founded the plantation and trading of corn called Société Financière et industrielle des Moulins des Mons -Djémila (Corporate Finance and Industry Milling Mons-Djémila). However, land and water rights that were promised not being clearly established, while the colonial authorities in Algeria also be less cooperative. Therefore, Dunant decided to ask for help directly to the Emperor Napoleon III of France, which when it was in Lombardi with his troops. France was fighting on the side of Piedmont-Sardinia against Austria, when it occupied much of the region today called Italy. Napoleon's headquarters is located in the small town of Solferino. Dunant wrote a book full of flattery and praise for Napoleon III for he had given to the emperor. Then he traveled to Solferino to meet personally with Napoleon III.
Battle of Solferino.
Dunant arrived in Solferino on the evening of June 24, 1859, just as the battle between the two sides had just finished. About 38 thousand soldiers lying on the battlefield in a state of wounded, dying, or dead, and there had been no significant effort made to provide care to them. In a state of shock at the sight, Dunant took the initiative to mobilize the local civilian population, especially women, to provide aid to the wounded and sick soldiers. Because the supply of equipment and medicines needed to be inadequate, Dunant himself orchestrated the purchase of material needed it and helped set up a makeshift hospital. He managed to convince the locals to serve the wounded regardless of which side they fought, according to the slogan "Tutti fratelli" (We are all brothers) were created by women from the town of Castiglione delle Stiviere not far from that place. He also succeeded in persuading the French to liberate doctors Austria that they are captive.Red Cross.
Upon returning to Geneva early in July, Dunant decided to write a book about his experiences, which then he titled Un Souvenir de Solferino (Memories of Solferino). This book was published in 1862 by the number of 1,600 copies, which is printed at Dunant's own expense. In this book, Dunant depicts the fighting, the various costs of the fighting, and a mess caused. He also put forward the idea of the need to establish a neutral organization to provide care to wounded soldiers. This book he shared with many political and military figures in Europe.Dunant also began traveling around Europe to promote his ideas. The book received a very positive response. President of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare (Geneva Association for Public Welfare), ie a lawyer named Gustave Moynier, lift the book with suggestions Dunant in it as the topic for the meeting of the organization on February 9, 1863. The members of these organizations assess posals Dunant's proposal and give a positive assessment. They then formed a committee consisting of five people to explore further the possibility of realizing these ideas Dunant, and Dunant was appointed as a member of this Committee. Fourthly other members of this committee was Gustave Moynier, the Swiss army general named Henri Dufour, and two doctors were respectively named Louis Appia and Théodore Maunoir. This committee met for the first time on February 17, 1863, which is now regarded as the founding date of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
From the beginning, Moynier and Dunant disagree and wrangled over their vision and plans respectively, and their disagreement was getting bigger and bigger. Moynier considered the idea of the need for determined Dunant neutrality protection for the caregiver as the idea difficult to accept reasonable and advised Dunant not to insist on imposing the concept. However, Dunant continued to advocate the establishment in every way, and in every conversation with officials of high-level political and military. It's getting mempersengit personal conflict between Moynier, taking a pragmatic approach to the project, and Dunant, who was the visionary idealist among the five members of the Committee. In the end, Moynier and thwart the attempted attack Dunant Dunant when running for the position of chairman of the Committee.
In October 1863, 14 countries participated in the meeting organized by the Committee in Geneva to discuss the improvement of care for wounded soldiers. However, Dunant himself only became head of protocol in the meeting as a result of Moynier effort to minimize his role. A year later, on August 22, 1864, a diplomatic conference organized by the Swiss Parliament led to the signing of the First Geneva Convention by 12 countries. For this conference was, Dunant only duty as a regulator of accommodation for participants.
When the forgotten.
Business Dunant in Algeria in decline, partly because of his devotion to the ideals of humanistic own. In April 1867, the bankruptcy of the financial firm Crédit Genevois led to a scandal involving Dunant. He was forced to declare bankruptcy and convicted by the Court of Commerce in Geneva on August 17, 1868 on deceptive practices in the bankruptcy case. His family and many of her friends are very affected by Crédit Genevois bankrutnya because they invested heavily in this company. Society in Geneva, a city with a deep-rooted tradition of Calvin, became very upset and excited that emerged calls for Dunant resigned from the International Committee of the Red Cross.On August 25, 1868, he resigned from his post as Secretary of the Committee and, on September 8, he is completely removed from the Committee. Moynier, who became President of the Committee since 1864, played a major role in getting rid of Dunant of the Committee.
In February 1868, Dunant's mother died. At the end of that year, Dunant was also expelled from the YMCA. In March 1867, he left his hometown, Geneva, and never come back to it. In the following years, Moynier apparently trying to use their influence to ensure that Dunant not to receive help or support from his friends. For example, the gold medal prize Sciences Morales at the Paris World's Fair was not so given to Dunant as planned, but given to Moynier, Dufour, and Dunant together so that all of the prize money is rightfully Committee. Napoleon III's bid to take over half of Dunant's debt obligations with the proviso friends Dunant guarantee repayment of the other half was also thwarted by Moynier effort.
Dunant moved to Paris and lived there in a state of lack. However, he continues to embody the ideas and plans of humanity. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), he founded the Joint Humanitarian Aid Association ( '' Allgemeine Fürsorgegesellschaft '') and, shortly afterwards, he founded the Joint Alliance for Order and Civilization ( '' Allgemeine Allianz für Ordnung und Zivilisation ''). Dunant argued about the need for disarmament negotiations held and the need to set up an international court to mediate international conflicts. Later, he sought the formation of the world library, an idea that has echoes in various projects in the future, among other UNESCO.
In its efforts which never ceased to advocate and realize his ideas, Dunant increasingly ignore their personal financial situation so that he is increasingly in debt and shunned by his acquaintances. Although appointed as an honorary member of the Red Cross Society of Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Prussia, and Spain, he was almost forgotten in the course of official Red Cross Movement, even when the movement is growing rapidly to other countries. Dunant lived in poverty and move where between 1874-1886, including Stuttgart, Rome, Korfu, Basel, and Karlsruhe. In Stuttgart, Dunant met students at the University Tübingan (Tübingen University) named Rudolf Müller and then a close friendship with him. In 1881, together with friends from Stuttgart, Dunant for the first time go to Heiden, a resort village in Switzerland. In 1887, while living in London, he began to receive monthly financial support from some distant relatives. This allows him to live in a more secure financial conditions. Dunant moved to Heiden in July 1887 and stayed in the village for the rest of his life. Since 30 April 1892, he stayed in the hospital and nursing home led by Dr. Hermann Altherr.
In Heiden, he met a young teacher named Wilhelm Sonderegger and his wife Susanna. They encouraged him to record his life experiences. Sonderegger's wife founded a branch of the Red Cross in Heiden and, in 1890, Dunant became honorary president of the branch. Given Sonderegger, Dunant hoped to be able to promote his ideas further, including published a new edition of his book. However, their friendship later became strained because Dunant accusations unjustified that Sonderegger, together with Moynier in Geneva, conspired against him. Sonderegger died in 1904, at the age reaches 42 years. Despite their strained relationship, Dunant was deeply moved by the death Sonderegger is the unexpected that. Wilhelm and Susanna Sonderegger's admiration on Dunant, whose remains they felt such accusations despite Dunant, passed on to their children. In 1935, their son, namely René, published a collection of letters written Dunant to his father.
Back in the public mind.
In September 1895, Georg Baumberger, the chief editor of Die Ostschweiz, a newspaper published in St. Gall, wrote an article about the founder of the Red Cross, who had met and talked to him when they were walking in Heiden a month earlier. The article entitled "Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross" (Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross) and appeared in a pictorial magazine published by German Über Land und Meer. With this article immediately reproduced in other media across Europe. The article received a warm welcome so that Dunant regained public attention and support. He then received the Swiss Prize Binet-Fendt and a letter from Pope Leo XIII. Thanks to the help of the widow of the Russian tsar, namely Maria Feodorovna and other donations from various parties, Dunant's financial situation has greatly improved.In 1897, Rudolf Müller, who was already working as a teacher in Stuttgart, wrote a book about the origins of the Red Cross. The contents of this book changed the official history of the Red Cross by emphasizing the role of Dunant. This book also includes the text "Memories of Solferino." Dunant began correspondence with Bertha von Suttner and wrote a lot of articles and other writings. He was especially active in writing about women's rights. In 1897, Dunant facilitate the establishment of "Green Cross" (Green Cross), an organization of women's short-lived and only active in Brussels.
Nobel Peace Prize.
In 1901, Dunant received the first Nobel Peace Prize ever awarded, namely for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiate the process of formation of the Geneva Convention. Norwegian military physician Hans Daae, who had received a copy of Müller's book, advocated Dunant case to the Nobel Committee. The prize is shared prize given to Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a French peace activist who founded the League of Peace and is active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization (Alliance for Order and Civilization). Congratulating the official who ultimately received Dunant of the International Committee of the Red Cross represents the rehabilitation of Dunant:"Nothing is more worthy to receive this honor, because you are forty years ago founded the international organization of humanitarian aid for the wounded on the battlefield. Without you, the Red Cross, which is the supreme humanitarian achievement of the nineteenth century, would never have been attempted. "
Moynier and the International Committee of the Red Cross as a whole was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Although Dunant gained the support of the widest range in the selection process, he remains a controversial candidate. Some argue that the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions would make the war more attractive and tempting to alleviate some of the suffering caused by war. Therefore, Müller in his letter to the Nobel Committee expressed the opinion that the prize should be divided between Dunant and Passy, who had become a prime candidate to be the sole recipient of the gift on the debate that occurred during the selection process. Müller also suggested that if the Dunant deemed worthy to receive the Nobel Prize, the prize needs to be given to him in view of his advanced age and his health condition is already deteriorating.
The Nobel committee's decision to divide the prize between Passy, a man of peace, and Dunant, a humanitarian, a precedent for the requirements concerning the selection of the Nobel Peace Prize which have significant impact on subsequent years. One part of the Nobel testament mentions that the peace prize to be given to those who seek to reduce or eliminate the troops remain (standing armies) or seek to direct SCARA promoting peace conference. This is what makes Passy naturally selected to be the candidate receiving the prize thanks to his efforts for peace. Awarding the Nobel Prize for efforts in the humanitarian field alone would be a very striking, and it is considered by some parties as overly broad interpretation on wills Nobel. However, the other parts of the testament Nobel prize for the person who set the best achievement in improving "human brotherhood" (the brotherhood of people). More generally could be interpreted as a message that humanitarian efforts as done by Dunant was also associated with peace efforts. Nobel Peace Prize recipient in the subsequent years its many were put into one of two categories for the first time established by the 1901 decision of the Nobel Committee.
Hans Daae succeeded in putting money prizes to be part Dunant, amounting to 104,000 Swiss francs, in a bank in Norway and prevent the money accessible to creditors Dunant. Dunant himself never used the slightest of money in his life.
Death and legacy.
Among several other awards received by Dunant in later years was an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, which he received in 1903. Dunant lived in a nursing home in Heiden until his death. In the last years of his life, he suffered from depression and fear (paranoia) that he keeps sought by creditors and Moynier. Sometimes even Dunant urged the nursing home cook to taste first food rations in front of him so that he is protected from the possibility of being poisoned. Although claims remain convinced Christian, Dunant in the last years of his life refused and attacked Calvinism and organized religion (organized religion) in general.According to the interpreter care of her, the last thing done in his life Dunant was sent a copy of a book written by Müller to the queen of Italy accompanied by a covering letter from Dunant himself. Dunant died on October 30, 1910, and his last words are "Where the disappearance of humanity?" Dunant died just two months after his nemesis, Moynier. Although the ICRC congratulated Dunant on conferment of the Nobel prize, the two rivals never berrekonsiliasi.
As he wishes, Dunant was buried without ceremony in the Sihlfeld Cemetery in Zurich. In his will, he donated money to provide a "free bed" in the Heiden nursing home, which should always be available for the region's poor. He also gave some money, through a notary deed, to his friends and to charitable organizations in Norway and Switzerland. The rest of the money he gave to creditors so that most of the debt is paid off. Dunant's inability to fully repay its debts be a big burden to him until the day he died.
His birthday, May 8, is celebrated as the Day of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies of the World ( '' World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day ''). Heiden nursing home that used to contain it now became the Henry Dunant Museum. In Geneva and other cities there are a lot of roads, courts, and schools are named after him. Henry Dunant Medal, which is awarded every two years by the Standing Committee of the Red Cross Movement and the International Red Cross, the highest award bestowed by the Movement.
Dunant's life story is told, with some fictional elements, in the film D'homme à hommes (1948), starring Jean-Louis Barrault. The life span Dunant when the Red Cross was founded shown in the film titled international coproduction Henry Dunant: Red on the Cross (2006). In 2010, Takarazuka Revue staged musical based on experience Dunant at Solferino and the founding of the Red Cross. The musical is titled ソ ル フ ェ リ ー ノ の 夜 明 け (Dawn in Solferino, or Where The disappearance of Humanity?).
History of the International Red Cross.
Jean Henry Dunant.The Red Cross is the father of the world since he is the founder and pioneer of the founding of the Red Cross. J.H. Dunant was born in Switzerland on May 8, 1828 (designated as the Day of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). His father was Jean Jacques Dunant and his mother named AntoinetteColladon.
On June 24, 1859 in Solferino Northern Italian, French and Italian troops were fighting the Austrian army. At that time H.Dunant arrived there with the hope to meet with the French emperor (Napoleon III). H. Dunant by chance witnessed the battle. At that time, military medical services overwhelmed in dealing with war casualties reached 40,000 people. Moved by the suffering of wounded soldiers, H. Dunant in collaboration with local residents take immediate action to coordinate their aid. After returning to Switzerland, H. Dunant described the experience into a book entitled: UN SOUVENIR DE SOLFERINIO / A MEMORY OF Solferino which means Memoirs of Solferino YEAR 1862.
In his H. Dunant proposed two ideas, namely :
1. Establish a volunteer organization, which will be prepared duringpeacetime to help the wounded soldiers on the battlefield.
2. Conducting an international treaty to protect soldiers injured in
battlefield, as well as volunteers from the organization in time
providing care.
1863 Four citizens of Geneva joined H. Dunant to develop both of those ideas.
Four people are:
1. General Dufour
2. Dr. Theodore
3. Dr. Louis Appia
4. Gustave Moynier
Which they together form the International Committee of the Red Cross (KIPM) or the International Committee Of The Red Cross (ICRC). Based on the idea first erected a Volunteer Organization in each country, who assist the army medical services in time of war. The organization now called LRCS (Loague Of The Red Cross Society) or LPPMI (League of Red Cross) which was formed on May 5, 1919. The year of 1992 turned into the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent. The Red Cross was born by the desire to help the victims of war, and for the execution of their duties on August 22, 1864 on initiative of the ICRC, the Swiss Government organized a conference attended 12 countries, known as the Geneva Convention (The Geneva Conventions Of August 12 1949) with the results of the conference as follows :
TASK RED CROSS:
At the time of War.
Helping Health Bureau of the Armed Forces.Giving Aid in time of war.
In times of peace.
1. Generating public attention to the principles and objectives of theRed Cross
2. Disseminate ideals of the Red Cross by humanely
3. Preparing the power and means of Health / other assistance to ensure
smooth the task of the Red Cross.
4. Provide assistance and first aid in any disaster / accident.
5. Holding PMR
6. Participate improve people's health
7. Help Finding Missing Victims (TMS).
INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS
The Red Cross is an association whose members provide help voluntarily by humanely to those in need without distinction of race, religion and politics.Three kinds emblem of the Red Cross officially recognized International:
1. The Red Cross on a white background is the reverse of the Swiss flagrecognized as a symbol to honor the country Switzerland or
Dunant citizenship. (1864)
2. Red crescent moon on a white background used Arab country (1876)
3. Red Lion and Sun on a white background used country of Iran.
Meaning Usage Signs Red Cross:
In Time of War:
Protecting victims of war whether civil or military, the unity of medical and hospital designated as a Red Cross hospital rumagh by authorities.In Time of Peace:
In use as directed by the health department of the army, the National Red Cross and several organizations are given permission to wear it.MOVEMENT BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT INTERNATIONAL
The basic principles of the Red Cross is known by 7 Principles of the Red Cross adopted in Vienna (Austria) by the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent XX 1965 consists of:1. Humanity.
That the movement of Red Cross and Red crescent moon
was established based on the desire to provide aid without
distinguish the victims in the battle, trying to prevent and cope
the suffering of fellow human beings.
2. Importiality.
That this movement does not distinguish between race, ethnicity, religion
and politics, the aim is solely to reduce suffering
people according to their needs and prioritize the most severe.
3. Neutrality.
That this movement should not take sides or involve
in opposition politics, religion, ethnicity, or ideology to always
won the trust of all parties.
4. Independence.
That this movement is independent, its work assist the government in the
humanitarian field, should obey the rules country and must maintain the
autonomy of the country so that it can act in accordance with the
principles of the Red Cross.
5. Voluntari Service.
This movement gave voluntary assistance not a desire for profit.
6. Unity.
This movement in a country there is only one association of the red cross
or red crescent open to all people and carry out relief work in the entire
region and carry out relief work in the entire region.
7. Universality.
This movement is the universe in which every
associations have the right and equal responsibility in helping fellow.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: May 2, 2016 at 14:07
