Mexican history.

Spanish is the official language de facto at the federal government level. In addition, there are 68 indigenous languages ​​are recognized as the national language of Mexico.
Union of the States of Mexico or Mexico (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México) is a country located in North America bordering the United States, Guatemala and Belize in the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to the east , He is the third largest country in Latin America and is also the country most speak Spanish. The name of this country is taken from the name of its capital coming from the ancient Aztec capital city, namely Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Mexi Mexitli is part of the name, the name of the god of war, while co meaning 'place' and ca means 'people'.

Mexican history.

For nearly 3,000 years, Mexico became the place several advanced civilizations such as Amerindian civilizations, the Maya and Aztec. The arrival of the Spanish conquistadors under the wise leadership of Hernan Cortes in the early 16th century, and their victory over the Aztecs in 1521, signaling the beginning era pengkolonian of Mexico as New Spain.
On 15 September 1810, independence from Spain was declared by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in Dolores is a small town. This is the starting point for the independence battle known as the War of Independence of Mexico that ended with independence in 1821, and the establishment of the First Mexican Empire.

After independence, all countries in Central America except Chiapas, agreed not to become some of the members of this empire. After the fall of the Empire of Mexico into the hands of the republican party under the leadership of Antonio López de Santa Anna, the first Republic was formed with Guadalupe Victoria as the first president. Under the reign of Santa Anna, a resident at the Texan is in Coahuila, and Texas have rebelled and demanded independence from the Mexican government. The people here, especially the British explorer nation, has formed the Republic of Texas. This uprising has sparked a war which is the famous war between the military Alamo in Mexico, and Texas. Finally in 1836, Texas gained independence, and the Republic of Mexico is getting smaller. In the 1840s, the country has been attacked by the United States that resulted in enormous loss of territory, including Alta California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and New Mexico. In the 1860s this country was once again attacked, this time by the French army, which wants to raise from the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico, with the backing of the Catholic clergy and Creole conservative faction. But her reign ended with the bloody incident, in which the former president Benito Juarez Mexico has sworn in again as President. At first, General Ignacio Zaragoza had killed a French army on May 5 (or Cinco de Mayo, in Spanish) in 1862 in the Battle of Puebla but eventually forced to back down, and Napoleon III of France, Emperor of France, has lifted Ferdinand Maximillian of Austria as King of Mexico in 1864. But in a short period of only three years, Maximillian empire was toppled by Juarez, and he was sentenced to suicide.
After the death of Juárez, anarchy has occurred, and dragged on for 30 years starting with the Mexican uprising headed by Porfirio Díaz in 1910. The characters are well-known as Mexican Revolt termasuklah Francisco I. Madero, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Alvaro Obregon , Victoriano Huerta, and Emiliano Zapata. The rebels have killed soldiers alliance, but they are forced to face upheaval on the inside, and the country is in a state of conflict for two decades more. The rebellion ended in the 1930s, the Revolutionary Institutional Party (PRI) took over the helm of government, and ruled for 70 years until the end of the 20th century. PRI is a sequence consisting of several rebel groups fighting for political games run safely. In July 2000, the National Action Party (PAN) led by Vicente Fox Quesada has succeeded in depriving the country of the PRI through free elections.
The first crisis faced by President Fox is rebellion in Chiapas olh group Ejercito Zapatista de Liberacion Nacional (EZLN). Chiapas is the poorest part of the country in Mexico, and the uprising has started since 1994. As good as our other appointed as President, he has directed all irregulars immediately withdraw from the country. Highway dividers also pulled back, and military bases there have been closed. A year after that, a peace agreement has been made with the EZLN rebel groups. In addition, President Fox was forced to deal with policy issues in this country that is famous for taking bribes. This coupled with a very high crime rate, especially in Mexico City are the main problem in this country.

Government and Politics.

1917 Constitution of the Republic Guild consign a government whose power is distributed to the three institutions that are free are the executive, legislative, and judicial. In terms of history, dominates the executive power in the presidency. Medium, the rule of law in Congress just follow his direction only. Congress looks active again since 1997 when opposition parties first appeared in the legislative majorities.
However, since the opposition took power in 1997, Congress increasingly free in menggubal legislation. The President also has the authority under executive orders to draft a law in the field of economic, financial and certain. The President is elected every six years, and he was allowed to hold the same office for a second cut. In Mexico, there is no post of vice president. The president should someone dilucutkan office or dies, the Congress would have installed a Provisional President.
On July 21, 2000, Vicente Fox Quesada of the opposition "Alliance for Change", which is chaired by the National Action Party (PAN), has been selected as president in an election that is considered to be the cleanest, and most free in Mexican history. Fox started his six-year cut on December 1, 2000. His victory ended the domination of the Revolutionary Institutional Party (PRI) for 71 years as a party of government.
In 2006, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, which carried PAN dealing with Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the PRD nominated in an election closed. On 6 September 2006, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa President of Mexico declared winning an election in the electoral tribunal.

Area.

The main article for this section are: the State of Mexico
Mexico consists of 31 countries or Estados and the Regional Guild or Distrito Federal Mexico. Mexico City Metropolitan Region, including Regional Guild, and the border region, the most populous city in the world.
Aguascalientes
Baja California
Baja California Sur
Campeche
Chiapas
Chihuahua
Coahuila
Colima
Durango
Federal District
Guanajuato
Guerrero
Hidalgo
Jalisco
México
Michoacán
Morelos
Nayarit
Nuevo León
Oaxaca
Puebla
Querétaro
Quintana Roo
San Luis Potosí
Sinaloa
Sonora
Tabasco
Tamaulipas
Tlaxcala
Veracruz
Yucatán
Zacatecas.

Big cities.

List of major cities in Mexico ordered by the population:
Mexico City, Distrito Federal (22 million)
Guadalajara, Jalisco (4.7 million)
Monterrey, Nuevo León (3.6 million)
Puebla, Puebla (2.6 million)
Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua (1.8 million)
Tijuana, Baja California (1.5 million)
León, Guanajuato (1.2 million)
Toluca, México (1.2 million)
Torreón, Coahuila (1.1 million)
San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí (0.8 million)
Mérida, Yucatán (0.8 million)
Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro (0.8 million)
Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes (0.7 million)
Cuernavaca, Morelos (0.7 million)
Chihuahua, Chihuahua (0.7 million).

Geography Mexico.

Mexico topography consists of a mountain range, of which the Sierra Madre Occidental in the west, the Sierra Madre Oriental in the east, Cordillera Neovolcánica in the middle, and the Sierra Madre del Sur in the south; Lowland mostly along the coast, and in the Yucatan Peninsula. Interior of the country with high plateau. Seismic activity is relatively high.
Just a little river navigable. Most short river, flowing from mountain ranges to the coast.
Mexican climate varies greatly from the extension of the north-south, and varies in the highlands. Most of the country has two seasons: rainy (June to September) and summer (October to April). Generally, low rainfall in the interior, and the north. Rainfall is plentiful on the east coast, to the south, and in the Yucatan Peninsula.

Mexican economy.

Since World War II, the country has changed the foundation of the economy is based on agriculture to mining economy. Mexico is rich with oil and at one time was the 10th-largest state oil producer in the world. In addition, the country is an important exporter of silver in the world. Between the 1940s and 1980s the country has experienced rapid economic growth but it collapsed due to excessive lending. In the 1980s, the country was hit by inflation. But he rebounded in 1990, while accompanying NAFTA. Now, the new Mexican government has transferred the foundation of petroleum to light industry and export as well. In addition, the tourism sector has been a source of growing economic importance.

Demographics Mexico.

Language experts have known for sure that the main Mexico 12 languages, over forty small language groups, and over ninety individual languages. Nearly 23% of people originally spoken in Nahuatl, the Aztec language that is spoken in fifteen states here. In addition, other indigenous languages ​​including Maya language (spoken by 14% of the Indians and the use of the Yucatan Peninsula to the southeastern part of Chiapas); Zapotec (spoken by 7% of the Indians, and is used widely in the eastern part of Oaxaca); Mixtec (also spoken by 7% of Indian groups, and is the main language in Oaxaca and Guerrero); Otomi (spoken by 5% to the Indians, and is used in central Mexico, principally in the states of México, Hidalgo, and Querétaro); Tzeltal (spoken by nearly 5% to the Indians and used in Chiapas); and Tzotzil (spoken by nearly 4% of the Indians, and also used in Chiapas). Oaxaca is a country that has many languages ​​has the most, with twelve different Indian languages ​​are spoken here.

Education.

Education in Mexico are divided by class. Students from families is a private school that is complete with various convenience and reference materials, while the children of the poor usually can not afford to go to school or go to school for underprivileged. The most marginalized are the Indians. In 1990, an estimated 40% of Indian population aged fifteen years and over should not be read. It has to realize the educational abyss that noticeable among the people of Mexico. But the government has tried with efforts to encourage the development of education among teens.
Among other things, the government has established that education is compulsory until the sixth grade. Unfortunately due to financial pressures, most of the students from the lower classes is more interested in working than in school. In Mexico, there is no legislation requiring secondary education. In the lower school they learn math, social science, "grammar", writing, reading and sports. While the moral values ​​and the family learned at home. Interests raise revenues through childhood working in a family means choosing between "survival" and education. However, in the past five years to school attendance of students is increasing: UNICEF reported 84% of childhood start school will reach level five. Low dropout rate of students means more teens will pursue studies on high, and this could help reduce poverty. Now, more than 8 million teenagers had enrolled in secondary school, which is 2 million more than in 1994.
The government under President Ernesto Zedillo has been trying to develop education in the country. In fact, ± 25% of government spending has been channeled towards education. Among other things this money has been used to build elementary schools as well as new techniques. In addition, this money is used to provide text books free of charge to 90% of public schools in Mexico.

Mexican culture.

Mexico has a wide variety of cultures. for example, the day Sinco de Mayo. ie Day celebrated on May 5.

Mexican culture

Before the 16th century, many civilizations, including the Olmecs (800 BC to 400 BC), (300 AD to 900 AD) Maya, Toltec (900 AD to 1200 AD) and Aztecs (1200-1521 AD), flourished in Mesoamerica pre- Mexico. After the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs in 1521, Spain began to colonize the region and for the next 300 years, the European tradition blended with the culture of the indigenous peoples to create a new culture that is typical today we know as Mexican culture.
From the Spanish colonization, the three groups, Spanish, indigenous peoples and the new group, mestizo (mixed ancestry line of Spanish and indigenous), came to define the culture of Mexico. In fact, the first Mestizo may have an indigenous woman named Malinche who became mistress of Cortes' and later bore him a son. Over time, a different class systems developed, separating the rich, landowners Spain from underprivileged mestizo and indigenous peoples, especially the workers. To this day, huge income disparities that exist in Mexico, a country where nearly half the population lives on less than $ 4 per day. The ever-widening gap between rich and poor continues to create stress and produces great contrasts in the Mexican culture.

Many modern-day Mexican culture is strongly influenced by the Catholic Church. Nearly 88% of Mexicans belong to the Church, but, unlike some other Latin American countries, the Mexican Constitution expressly endorses the concept of separation of church and state. However, the teachings of the Catholic Church, including attitudes toward birth control and abortion, has strong support in the Mexican culture and the Mexican-American culture in the United States as well.
Mexican traditional culture generally, with Mexican men in particular holds to the old ideas about gender roles and family. In Mexican households, the father / husband or oldest man remains a powerful figure, make the most of the family decisions, while the mother / wife continues to bear some responsibility when it comes to raising children and keeping the children are expected to behave well rumah.Meksiko , obey and honor their parents. older family members often live with their children and grandchildren and is a valuable part of the Mexican culture. Cultural traditions also found in Mexican-American culture in the US
Mexico will sometimes say that while their English-speaking neighbors to the north live to work, Mexico to work for a living. Mexican culture places great emphasis on family and interpersonal relationships, and while Mexico is a diligent worker and reliable, work was not the end all, be all of Mexican life or of Mexican culture. Time can always be taken to enjoy a good meal with friends or spend time with family, leading to a possible way to reduce stress and more satisfying lives than those found in industrialized countries very much.
The concept of time is an interesting aspect of Mexican culture. Life is generally relaxed and not rushed, and what can be put off until tomorrow usual. While people in the US tend to use their Blackberry, mobile phones and daytimers for plans and programs every minute of their lives, Mexico prefer to live in the moment because who knows what will happen tomorrow? This "Manana" attitude that is embedded in the culture and to encourage foreign crazy, but it should be appreciated rather than scorned. Mexico were not lazy, they just different concept of time than many Westerners. As Shinichi Tsuj, a Japanese anthropologist put it, "Manana" attitude could "go against the principles of productivity and efficiency, but the productivity and efficiency has nothing to do with the joy inherent in life."
Mexican food culture is also something to be appreciated. The food, in all flavors and textures and colors, meant to be savored, and eat a delicious sensory experience that is shared with family, friends and neighbors. In Mexico, the meal was a bonding experience, an important way to create community and kinship, and modern Mexican food culture is still influenced by the ancient civilizations that once called home Mesoamerica. Maya eat corn tortillas with bean paste, and the Aztecs are like salsa and tamales. With the Spanish Conquest of dairy products ,, sugar and rice several new items introduced with the original plates.
Today, Mexican cuisine, as expected, is tasty, varied and difficult to menolak.makanan Mid-day can easily stretch into the afternoon, and dinner, especially when complimented with a margarita or two, it could last until late at night. Most of the Mexican food culture has made its way north and remains an integral part of Mexican-American culture as well.
Mexican culture both respected for folk art and musical traditions, many of them descended from early native cultures. famous handicrafts including animal figures from Tonala, clay pottery from Oaxaca and silver jewelry from Taxco. Familiar music traditions including Mariachi band and children Jarabe Tapatio Mexican (Mexican Hat Dance).
Mexico is also known for its enthusiastic embrace of fiestas (celebrations). Whether celebrating the victory of past political or religious events, national fiestas abound, and local fiestas seem to happen all the time. This is partly due to the fact that every Mexican village has a saint who was appointed in honor party, often 9 days long, held every year. Banks will be shut down, traffic will be stopped; wild celebrating will occur, and the party can last a day or a week. Local fiestas It is a wonderful way to experience the colorful Mexican culture.
Mexico is a country that prides in history. Mexican culture is attractive embroidery traditions of pre-Columbian and Europe, and visitors to immerse themselves in the local lifestyle will have the experience enriching and unforgettable.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/05/mexican-history.html
DatePublished: May 5, 2016 at 09:54

Tag : Mexican, history.