One of the mysteries of major disasters in history may have been solved - namely the case of the largest volcanic eruption in the last 3,700 years. Occurred around nearly 800 years ago, eruptions have been recorded, and then forgotten, and may also have created a "Pompeii of the East", which may be buried and waiting to be discovered on an island in Indonesia.
As quoted from Nature expands so Master, evidence of ash from the eruption spread to the South Pole and the North Pole, has been appointed to the Samalas volcano on Lombok Island in Indonesia. The research team, led by geographer Franck Lavigne from Université Paris 1 Panthéon - Sorbonne, has now been estimated that a major disaster that occurred between May and October 1257. The findings were published yesterday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Since glaciologists find evidence of a huge eruption three decades ago, experts have been looking for the origin of volcanic eruptions everywhere from New Zealand volcano Okataina up to El Chichon Mexico.
Previous eruption was estimated to eight times larger than the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 and two times larger than the eruption of Tambora in 1815. Until now we have always thought that Tambora was the biggest eruption since 3,700 years, but this study suggests that events in 1257 was even larger than Tambora.
Mystery Solved eruption.
To solve this mystery, multidisciplinary team combining the clues that have been known to the new findings, the radiocarbon testing, chemical volcanic ejecta, the data stratigraphy and historical records. These eruptions are known by many different disciplines, many researchers, but the main problem is that they work individually. For that set up a team of experts in geology, geochemistry, geography, historians, radiocarbon test and others of which are from different specialties to combine the facts. "The volcanic eruption is releasing 40 cubic kilometers of debris into the sky as high as 43 kilometers, producing ashfall living across the globe. Near the mountain itself, piled thick sediment collected by the team in more than 130 places to produce a picture of the stratigraphy and sedimentologis of how these eruptions occur.
Scientists know when the eruption of the radiocarbon test of sampling trunks and branches of trees along the sides of the mountain Samalas and Rinjani. The data is consistent with the radiocarbon dates and the medieval eruption shows no samples younger than 1257. The radiocarbon dating have ruled out the possibility of other candidates, such as El Chichon and Okataina, the eruptions occur outside these times.
This map shows the distribution of Pumice, volcanic rock light and porous by 50 mm up to as far as 46 km to the southeast of the vent Sumbawa. Scientists claim this shows the magnitude of the eruption Samalas
Furthermore, two decades ago, has revealed the existence of volcanic sulfate and tephra were locked in ice core samples taken from Greenland and Antarctica. That is strong evidence or "fingerprint" of the eruption, as known from both that the eruption was the eruption of the volcano tropics.
It narrows further candidates. Mount Quilotoa Ecuador does not produce large caldera when the eruptions occurred at about the same time period, and a huge caldera just like Segara Anak was the only candidate. Geochemical study of the composition of volcanic material were found in both ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica far less in common with volcanic material of Quilotoa - but have in common a very convincing composition with volcanic material Samalas.
This map shows the distribution of pyroclastic density currents (pDCs) and the location of the eruption Samalas charcoal samples were used for radiocarbon dating. Large eruption happened almost 800 years ago, might have been made 'Pompeii of the East', according to researchers
Perceived Impact Worldwide
Although the eruption took place on the equator, the impact is felt and recorded around the world. Climate disturbed for at least two years after the eruption. This evidence was found in the study of tree rings that express abnormal levels of growth, climate models and historical records from as far away as Europe.Medieval history, for example, describes the 1258 summer as winter, with poor harvests and persistent rain that triggered floods that damage - known as the "year without a summer". But winter came after the eruption was felt warmer in Western Europe, as it should have happened from an eruption with a high sulfur content in the tropics. A historical record of Arras (northern France) speaking about a very mild winter "frozen only lasts for a few days," and even in the month of January 1258 "violet can be observed, and strawberries and apple trees have bloomed."
In Indonesia, a major disaster can be found in the notes written on palm leaves, Old Javanese texts from Babad Lombok depicting a large volcanic explosion that formed the caldera in the Mount Samalas, on the island of Lombok. His writings describe the deaths of thousands of people because of deadly ash and pyroclastic flows that destroyed Pamatan, the capital of the kingdom, and the area around it. Although historical records did not write down the exact dates, but they stated that the Holocaust happened before the end of the 13th century, fit in with other scientific evidence has been found of the eruption.
Description of a large eruption is actually very rare because of the eruption as it happens only about once every 600 years. It's kind of chronicles written only if one of the major eruptions occur quite close to the person who wrote the note but not very close to an eruption that could beat them.
In the case of Samalas, remnants of the physically far more tempting than a text or notes. Pamatan ancient kingdom in Lombok may be buried by a huge explosion and waiting to be discovered. Pamatan might like Pompeii and could be called its Pompeii East Asia.
It's certainly interesting. Sometimes the effects of pyroclastic flows can be relatively soft, like Pompeii where ash kills everyone but does not obliterate the city. Other eruptions, as part of Mount St. Helens in 1980, razing whole villages, so sometimes pyroclastic also destroy everything. We really do not know.
At first glance the Royal Order kingdom in Lombok
Briefly, the order of the establishment of kingdoms in this area can be traced as follows, with a note that this is not the only version that is growing. At first, an independent realm is LAeq. It is estimated, its position in the district Sambalia, East Lombok. In the process, then the migration, public LAeq move and build a new kingdom, the kingdom Pamatan, in Aikmel, Sembalun village now. The village is adjacent to Mount Samalas. Around the year 1257, Mountains Samalas Strikes erupted, destroying villages and kingdoms that are in the vicinity. The population spread fled to a safe area. The transfer marks the end of the kingdom Pamatan.After Pamatan stopped there Suwung empire founded by Batara senses. The location of this kingdom located in Wells today. After the royal Suwung ends, only then emerging empire Lombok. Over the course of history, Lombok kingdom then suffered the devastation of the army offensive in the year 1357 AD Majapahit Raden Maspahit, Lombok royal ruler fled into the woods. When the soldiers returned to the Javanese Majapahit, Raden Maspahit out of the woods and set up a new empire under the name Stone Parang. In its development, this kingdom then known as Selaparang.
In connection with Selaparang, the kingdom was divided into two periods: the first, Hindu period which lasted from the 13th century AD, and ended due expedition Majapahit kingdom in 1357 AD; and secondly, the Islamic period, lasting from the 16th century AD, and ended in the 18th century (1740 AD), after the kingdom was conquered by the combined forces of Karang Asem, Bali and Banjar Getas.
Before the 16th century Majapahit Lombok are in power, the Supreme Gajah Mada sends to Lombok. At the end of the 16th century until the early 17th century, capsicum much influenced by Javanese Islam through preaching done by Sunan Giri, also influenced by Makassar. This causes a change of religion in Sasak, who previously Hindus to Islam.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Lombok was conquered by the kingdom Gel Gel Bali. Bali relics were very easy to see is the number of Balinese Hindu communities that inhabit the area of Mataram and Lombok Barat. Several large temple also easily found in these areas. Lombok managed to free from the influence Gel Gel after the expulsion kingdom Selaparang (East Lombok), assisted by the kingdom in Sumbawa (influence Makassar). Some soldiers reportedly Sumbawa many who eventually settled in East Lombok, as evidenced by the existence of several villages in the Northeast Bank of East Lombok-majority speak the language of Samawa.
The above description can at least show that, these kingdoms actually exist, once stood, growing and then collapsed. How further information, such as social and cultural life of ordinary people and the royal family at the time? Historical data reveal that there has not been a lot of that fact.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: June 3, 2016 at 11:24
