The history of Vietnam.

Vietnamese history can be reviewed back to the 3rd century BC. The majority of the written account of the history of Vietnam can be found in the records of Chinese history.

Pre-dynastic period.

In 214 BC, a few years after Emperor Qin Shihuang unifying China, he dispatched troops to southern China to conquer what is now Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and northern Vietnam. The conquest was accompanied by the conquest of the ancient Bai Yue tribes. Afterwards, the Qin Dynasty Han
Chinese migration support massively to the south and formed three provinces in the south.
Hose decades later, in 203 BC, the Qin Dynasty collapsed into chaos. At this time, the military leader of Qin in Nanhai (now northern Vietnam), Zhao Tuo take this opportunity to establish their own state, Nan Yue, the King of Wu. The nation's capital Nan Yue is in the area of ​​Guangzhou right now. However, Nan Yue then conquered by Emperor Han Wudi of the Han Dynasty in 111 BC. For over 10 centuries later, northern Vietnam are directly controlled by the Han Dynasty, Dong Wu, Jin Dynasty, Southern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty).

Dynasty dynasty.

In 939 CE, the Vietnamese defeated the Chinese military at the Bach Dang River and gained independence after 10 centuries under Chinese control. They get complete autonomy a century later. In the reign of Tran Dynasty, Dai Viet defeated three Mongol invasion attempt under the Yuan Dynasty. Three times with a great army also with persipan careful to their attack, but three times in a row the Mongols were defeated altogether by Dai Viet. Coincidentally, the last battle in which the generals Vietnam Tran Hung Dao beat most Mongol military was held again at the Bach Dang River as their ancestors more than 300 years ago. Feudalism in Vietnam reached its zenith when the Le Dynasty in the 15th century, especially during the reign of Emperor Le Thanh Tong. Between the 11th and 15th centuries, Vietnam expanded its territory towards Sealatan in a process called Nam Tien (Extension to the South). They eventually conquered the kingdom of Champa and many Khmer empire.

The period of French colonialism.

Independence of Vietnam ended in the mid-19th century AD (AD), when Vietnam dikolonialisasikan by a French court. The French administration inculcate significant changes in politics and culture of the people of Vietnam. Western-style modern education system was developed and introduced Christianity to the people of Vietnam. Developing a plantation economy to promote the exports of tobacco, indigo (indigo), tea and coffee, the French largely ignored the demand for self-government (self-government) and civil rights continues to increase. A nationalist political movement rapidly emerging, and the young leader Ho Chi Minh led the demand for independence to the League of Nations (League of Nations). However, France maintains dominance control of its colonies until World War II, when the Japanese war in the Pacific triggered the invasion of Indochina. The natural resources of Vietnam were exploited for the benefit of the Japanese military campaigns into Burma, the Malay Peninsula and India. In the last war, a forceful nationalist insurgency emerged under Ho Chi Minh, do freedom and communism. Following the defeat of Japan, nationalist forces against the French colonial forces in the First Indochina War which began in 1945 until 1954. The French suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and in a short time after it was withdrawn from Vietnam. The countries who fought in the Vietnam War division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel into North Vietnam and South Vietnam under the Agreement Geneva (Geneva Accords).

The Vietnam War.

Communist rule over North Vietnam was rejected by the United States of America (USA) for its resemblance to the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC). Disagreements soon emerged over the organizing of elections and reunification (North and South Vietnam), and the U.S. began increasing its contribution of military advisers, even Soviet military supplies and weapons to strengthen the communist military. Controversial attack on the ship U.S. in the Gulf of Tonkin triggered a U.S. military strike against North Vietnamese military installations and placement of more than 500,000 soldiers in South Vietnam. U.S. troops soon embroiled in a guerrilla war that is bad with Viet Cong, South Vietnamese communist militia. North Vietnamese forces failed in an attempt to raid the South in 1968 Tet Offensive and the war soon spread into neighboring Laos and Cambodia. With casualties mounting, U.S. began transferring combat roles to the South Vietnamese military in a process known as Vietnamization. The effort has yielded mixed results, but with the support of the U.S, South Vietnam was able to survive. Treaty of Paris (Paris Peace Accords) on January 27, 1973 recognizes the supreme authority of both parties. Under the agreement, all American combat troops withdrawn on March 29, 1973. The skirmish continued, but all the major battles have ended up once again, and subjecting the North invaded the South on April 30, 1975. South Vietnam briefly became the Republic of South Vietnam, a country stuffed under military rule by North Vietnam, before formally united with the North under Communist rule as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976.

Post-war Vietnam.

The impact of the takeover of control, the Vietnamese communists banned other political parties, holding suspects are believed to collaborate with the United States and start a mass campaign of collectivization of agriculture and factories. Reconstruction of the country ravaged by war going very slow and serious humanitarian problems and economic problems facing the regime. In 1978, the Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia to release their former colleagues, the Khmer Rouge, from oppression. This action worsen relations with China, which launched a surprise attack to North Vietnam in 1979. This conflict caused Vietnam is increasingly dependent on economic and military aid from Soviet.Dalam a historical change in 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam implemented free-market reforms (free-market ) known as Doi Moi (Renovation). With state power remains unchallenged, private ownership of farms and companies, deregulation and foreign investment triggered. However, the strength of the Communist Party of Vietnam over all organs of government remains strong.

Đổi Moi.

On the historical changes in 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam implemented free-market reforms known as Đổi Moi (Renovation). With state power remains unchallenged, private ownership of farms and companies, deregulation and foreign investment were encouraged. The Vietnamese economy achieved rapid growth in agriculture and industrial production, construction and housing, exports and foreign investment. Vietnam now is one of the countries with the fastest growing economies in the world.
Politically, the reform has not yet occurred. Vietnamese Communist Party to maintain control over all government organs.

Independence history of Vietnam.

Vietnam is a country located in Southeast Asia, or more precisely in the region, dubbed the Indo-China. This area is heavily influenced by the culture of India and China. Since ancient Zama until now this area is famous as an area frequently hit by the conflict. One of the major state in the country is Vietnam. Vietnam is a country that has a long history of independence seize the face of colonial French, Japanese and finally the United States that seeks to destroy Vietnam because communist sensible. Here is the history of the independence struggle of the Vietnamese people to declare their independence in September 1945

From the year 179 BC until the year 938, Vietnam under the authority of the kings of China. Only in the year 938, under the leadership of Ngo Quyen, Vietnamese people defeated the Chinese military at the Bach Dang River and gained independence after 10 centuries under Chinese control. They get complete autonomy a century later

After that, Monarchy Vietnam under the Government dynasty Ngo (938-969), Dynasty Dinli (969-979), the Le Dynasty (980-1009), Ly Dynasty (1010-1225), the Tran Dynasty (1224-1400) In the reign Tran Dynasty, Dai Viet defeated three Mongol invasion attempt under the Yuan Dynasty. Three times with a great army also with persipan careful to their attack, but three times in a row the Mongols were defeated altogether by Dai Viet. Coincidentally, the last battle in which the generals Vietnam Tran Hung Dao beat most Mongol military was held again at the Bach Dang River as their ancestors more than 300 years ago
Ho Dynasty (1401-1406). In the period 1407 - 1427, Vietnam returned conguered by China under the Ming Dynasty. Vietnam again became an independent state under the control of the Le Dynasty (1428-1527). At this time of feudalism in Vietnam reached its zenith, particularly during the reign of Emperor Le Thanh Tong. Between the 11th and 15th centuries, Vietnam expanded its territory towards Sealatan in a process called Nam Tien (Extension to the South). They eventually conquered the kingdom of Champa and many Khmer empire.
In 1527, the Le Dynasty fell and was replaced by Dynasty Mac (1527-1592), however, since it was a lot of resistance anti Dynasty Mac that makes Country Vietnam divided and civil war, through various wars among others War Le-Mac (1543 - 1592), Trinh-Nguyen War (1627 -1672). The civil war eventually led to Vietnam was split into two, namely: Dang Ngoai (north) with King Trinh and Dang Trong (South) with which to establish the capital of King Nguyen Phu Xuan (Hue now).

The arrival of Europeans.

Vietnam is located in the area known as the Indo-China. The area is located in the Asian part of the east-southeast. Indo-China region is now divided into three regions, namely Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Indo-Chinese civilization originated from the two great civilizations, namely India (in Cambodia and Laos) and China (in Vietnam). Name of Indo-China (India-China) illustrates the effect of the two great nations in the region. Residents in Indo-China consists of three kinds of nations, that the Khmer (Cambodia and Cochin-China, Thai (Siam, Laos and northern regions) and Annam (Annam and Tongkin). Nation Annam is included Chinese nation.
Vietnam is a unified whole that is formed from: Cochin-China, Annam, Tongkin. Cochin-China is the center of French power at the time of French colonialism in Indochina before the outbreak of World War II.
Before the French entry in Vietnam, in fact the Portuguese had established regular trade relations in both regions, namely Annam and Tongkin before the 16th century. Portuguese main objective associated with Tongking trade is to buy a silk material to be marketed to Japan. In addition to trading activities, the Portuguese also did the spread of the Catholic faith. Portuguese Catholic missionary who started the spread of the religion is said efforts Alexander Of Rhodes in 1625 who managed to send a mission to Chochin-China and Tongking. However, the spread of business is always a failure, even in 1630 the mission was expelled by Trinh Trang. It also held the delivery mission to Tongking under the leadership of Francisco Bussoni. Thanks to the protection Sai Vuong (Nguyen Phuc Nguyen) (from 1613 to 1635, under the leadership of Francisco Bussoni mission could stay in Annam until 1639).
Thanks to Alexander of Rhodes was then that the French are interested in sending missionaries to the Indo-China by way of posing or acting as a trader who worked at Compagnie Des Indes Orientaux (East India Company). Then in 1662 founded the Societe des Missions Etrangers (Society of Foreign Missions), based in Ayut'ia. From Ayut'ia is done sending a mission to Cambodia, Annam, and Tongking. But this French missionaries always a failure, due to several factors, among others:
a) The existence of rejection and resistance, pursuit, arrest, torture and even
    the murder of local lords against the missionaries and followers
    Catholic.
b) After 1682, the Roman Catholic Church forbade the missionaries involved
    specializing in trade matters.
c) The occurrence of contention between the flow of missionaries.
d) Lack of personnel and infrastructure as a key factor in the spread of the
    Catholic religion

Early entry of French imperialism in Vietnam.

The main objective of France first came to Vietnam is to trade. Then gradually the French want to make Vietnam into its colonies, because Vietnam has a lot of potential for agricultural and natural resources and even became a granary for the whole Indo-China region, the different ways to get the French pursued Vietnam.
Since ancient times to modern, Indo-china region is an area that is full of shocks, whether it be a power struggle and civil war as well as well as against foreign imperialism. Among foreign or western managed to instill power in Indo-China, especially in Vietnam is a nation of France. When the kingdom of Annam, both North Annam under dynastic rule Le-Loi and South Annam under the government-Hoang Nguyen dynasty in the year 1773-1802 began to be chaos because of their rebellion Tay-Son in 1773. In 1782 the rebels have managed to master Saigon, Hue, Cochin-China and held the pursuit and killing of the royal family-Hoang Nguyen. Among the survivors of the royal family that Phuc Nguyen-Anh (Nguyen-Anh), a new crown prince who was 15 years old. In 1785 escaped and fled to Ayut'ia. On the run to this Ayut'ia Nguyen-Anh met denagn Pigneau de Bahaine, a pastor who is being held at the Catholic mission Ayut'ia deployment. Thanks to education and assistance or brokering Pigneau de Bahaine Nguyen-Anh to cooperate with France, resulting in an agreement between Nguyen-Anh with France. The contents of the agreement outline is: France is willing to provide assistance warships, soldiers and troops with the terms of the island Condore and handed over to the French Tourane bay. With the help of the French military, Nguyen-Anh managed to defeat the rebels Tay-Son and bringing back the kingdom of Annam. Then on June 1, 1802 he seized the throne as ruler of Vietnam in Hue with the title of Gia-Long until 1820. Nguyen-Anh is what is known as the founder of the Nguyen dynasty in power in Vietnam until 1945. As a thank you Nguyen gave protection to the French missions in Vietnam and gave privileges to the merchants of France and handed Condore island and the bay to the French Tourane
Under the rule of the title Nguyen Anh Gia Long (1802-1820) left the Roman Catholic religion can develop freely. But finally Gia Long himself is suspicious of them and began to limit their movements.
Substitutes Gia Long, are: Minh Mang (1820-1840), Thieu Tri (1840-1847) and Tu Duc (1847-1883), all are anti-Catholic Rome so trying to suppress the spread of the religion of each activity are then used French attacking the Indo-China. This happened during the reign of King Tu-Duc

Vietnam under colonial French.

Tu Duc who ruled Vietnam from the years 1847-1883, Under his reign, he tried to oppress the Catholics and try to close the Indo-China to foreigners, fearing the same fate as China defeated the British in the Opium War that have lost some of its territory. France then invaded Cochin-China in 1858. The Vietnamese troops can be defeated, but the French failed in its invasion to Hue, the capital of Vietnam. The war lasted for four years (1858-1862). After that Vietnam was forced to sign agreements containing Saigon.
- The eastern part of Cochin-China belong to the French (French-owned first
  Indo-China is the basis and later operating base for control
  the entire Indo-China).
- Ports Tourane, Balat, Kuang-An, opened for France.
- Freedom of religion is Roman Catholic.

Chochin-China area is rice-producing areas for the whole of Indo-China. Vietnam without Chochin-China can not live, because of the Vietnamese population (especially in Tongkin) is very dense and almost always food shortages. However, it managed to close with rice from China Chochin-over- rice. Therefore, anyone who holds Chochin-China also means grasping the whole of Indo-China. It is very precise in choosing the French-Chinese Chochin.
In 1873-1874, France under the leadership of Francis Garnier Tongking and occupied Hanoi, but its actions can be defeated by the Vietnamese army. Soon France offers Hanoi's problem-solving, but Tuc Duc made a mistake by agreeing political Saigon Agreement in 1874 which turned out to be very detrimental to the winning side, namely Vietnam.

The contents of this Agreement include:

, Hanoi is returned by France to Vietnam.
, Cochin-China recognizes Vietnam as a whole as a wholly-owned
  France.
, Vietnam pledged to adjust its foreign policy with politics
  French foreign.

With this French imperialism in Indo-China rebound. Tu Duc knew his mistake too late, because at that time the French in Europe has been strong again. Tu Duc then tried to establish a relationship with China to face the French. This makes France tempered and accused Tu Duc violated the agreement Saigon 1874. Then again war broke out between Vietnam and France, eventually losing Vietnam. Then came the Treaty of Hue in 1883 which stipulates that Vietnam was under French rule which ended the independence of Vietnam. France then occupied Vietnam until the entry of the Japanese army.

The emergence of the Resistance and Nationalism in Vietnam.
The colonization and exploitation of France made the growth of nationalism and ideals make an independent country, let alone nationalism was heavily influenced by the assimilation policy conducted by France in the field of education are increasing nationalism in the educated class of Vietnam.

The causes of the rebirth of nationalism in Vietnam is;

- Suppression of France in Indo-China, both political and economic.
- The emergence of intellectuals who had studied democracy but banned
   practice.
- Japanese War victory over Russia in 1905 that nationalism
   throughout Asia.
- China's National Revolution in 1911 strengthened the desire for independence.
- In World War I, France sent the Indo-China to Europe
   as soldiers and war workers. They returned to the Indo-China with
   bring ideology-ideology liberialisme.

Political policy of assimilation which run French in Vietnam gave birth to the families of intellectuals who have a high awareness of nationalism and aspire to realize the State's independent Vietnam through various organizations of struggle are as follows:
a) Restoration Party Anam League (First Political Party)
b) Youth Revolution Party Anam
c) Indo-Chinese Nationalist Party (VNQDD = Quak Dan Dang Viet Nam)
d) The Communist Party of Indo-China (Doundong Cong San Dang)
e) Indo-China Democratic Party (Viet Nam Dan Chu Dang)
f) Socialist Party of Indochina (Viet Nam Dang Xa Hoi),

The first post-political nationalist movement that fought against the assimilation of French colonialism is the first to take up arms is the Restoration League Vietnam (Vietnam Restoration League), founded and led by Cuong De in 1907 inspired Japanese victory against Russia in 1905. However, the movement can be easily broken French.
Vietnamese independence movement can not be separated from the role of the Vietnamese communist movement which is under the control of Comintern (Communist International), based in Moscow. In the 2nd Congress of the Comintern in 1920, Lenin spark that communist forces should cooperate with non-communist force for mutual membantugerakan independence movement. Comitern policy directives that would later be used foothold for Communist Vietnam to cooperate with non-communist groups to wrest independence from colonial Vietnam.
On February 3, 1930 stood Indochina Communist Party (Communist Party of Indochina) led by Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi Minh), who did the liberation struggle with the aim to achieve: the National Independence, Democracy and Socialism. Through movements like Nge Tinh Soviet movement (1930-1931), Democratic Movement (1936-1939), and the Movement for National Rescue during the Second World War (1939-1945)

Vietnam War II world.

After the Japanese destroy the US naval base in Peral Harbour on December 7, 1941, Japan launched a lightning attack ruled over countries around the Asia Pacific region, especially Southeast Asia.
When the British and French colonial Asia Pacific weakened as more focused defend its mother country in Europe against Germany, so their defense in the colony decreases. This opportunity was used Japan to occupy the colonies of England. Dutch and French, not to mention Indochina. French defeat over Germany in May 1940, making France made a puppet government under the name of Republic of Vichy allied with Germany. So that after the defeat of all the colonies of France under the Vichy government authority. The close relationship between the Vichy government and the German used by Japan's ally Germany to menguaai Indo-China. On 22 September 1940 the Japanese occupied Vichy allow Tongking, then on July 29, 1941 agreement was reached between Japan and France are highly in favor of the Japanese. In the agreement the Japanese were given the right of way and the right to use French bases utnuk Japan's economic and political interests in East Asia.
Amid the turmoil of war waged Asia Pacific Japan. Vietnamese communist movement more actively monitor developments. To deal with foreign powers that the (Japanese and French) communists method (United National Front), it is intended to strengthen the ranks of the communists to embrace the power of non-communist parties. In the event of a change of power from France to Japan in Indochina in May 1941, the Communists held a Congress in Chiangsi-Kwangsi province. In this congress the Communists invited representatives of youth and nationalist groups. The results of this meeting in July 1941 formed a joint struggle container as Vietnam Independence League named Vietnam Doc Lap Minh or better known as the Vietminh by the chairman of the Ho Chi Minh. The objective was to achieve independence of Vietnam.
Vietminh movement which is a union organization either communists or nationalists then turned into a large mass organization and recruited many of the masses because it seeks to jointly invite people to realize the independent Vietnam.

Independence of Vietnam.

On August 15, 1945 Japan experienced the defeat of the Allied armies, but we must maintain the status quo. In addition Gerkan strong Viet Minh semaikin by propagating as a nationalist movement that gets a lot of support from the people of Vietnam. Viet minh then forced King doll made in Japan, Bao Dai to hand over power on August 25, 1945. After the period of Poweryang Vacuum related ruling government in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City on 2 September 1945 Vietnam declared independence as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam centered in Hanoi.
Finally, after a long struggle Vietnam can proclaim themselves as independent and sovereign state. But the big problem then occurs after independence because France and the United States intend to destroy Vietnam for imposing communist ideology in pemerintahanya so that they will engage long war for 30 years in the Vietnam War was terrible.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/05/the-history-of-vietnam.html
Date Published: May 9, 2016 at 10:29

Tag : history, Vietnam.