Welcome.

Dear readers,

Welcome to Kediri.
By introducing Bambang Sunarno name authors also introduce Kediri city as the birthplace and the historic and original culinary style Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.
This blog was founded by Bambang Sunarno with the purpose of information, communication and knowledge.
In the town of Kediri, there are several historic sites and some of the history of Kediri that have been well-known throughout the world, including including:
Selomangleng cave.
Maskumambang lake.
Cave of Maria Lordes, and others.
Gua Maria Lourdes has been known by tourists, and is known by the name of Puh Sarang Church Kediri. The tourists always visit every holiday or a chance to visit with the family to the town of Kediri, while Gua Maria Lourdes is a site that describes in detail the crucifixion of Jesus and is also used for the followers of the Christian ritual.
Dolo Waterfall Kediri.
Waterfall Dolo very attractive to newcomers from abroad or local to enjoy the beauty of high fountain and splash in the gentle breeze and tasted fresh.
If you want to go to Mount Kelud, please contact your Travel Agent is available in the town of Kediri and you will get a place to take you.
Seller culinary road Dhoho kediri.
When you visit in the evening there was a culinary providers Doho line the streets until the evening at 24.00, and for the guests do not need to worry, because every time you come there is always a good hotel and satisfying.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
Author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/p/welcome.html
Date Published: 16 April 2020 at 23:54

Tag : Welcome.

Mount Samalas history.

One More Mountain in Indonesia erupted even more powerful than Krakatoa and Tambora revealed, eruptive ash even at the Poles. .

One of the mysteries of major disasters in history may have been solved - namely the case of the largest volcanic eruption in the last 3,700 years. Occurred around nearly 800 years ago, eruptions have been recorded, and then forgotten, and may also have created a "Pompeii of the East", which may be buried and waiting to be discovered on an island in Indonesia.

As quoted from Nature expands so Master, evidence of ash from the eruption spread to the South Pole and the North Pole, has been appointed to the Samalas volcano on Lombok Island in Indonesia. The research team, led by geographer Franck Lavigne from Université Paris 1 Panthéon - Sorbonne, has now been estimated that a major disaster that occurred between May and October 1257. The findings were published yesterday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Since glaciologists find evidence of a huge eruption three decades ago, experts have been looking for the origin of volcanic eruptions everywhere from New Zealand volcano Okataina up to El Chichon Mexico.

Previous eruption was estimated to eight times larger than the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 and two times larger than the eruption of Tambora in 1815. Until now we have always thought that Tambora was the biggest eruption since 3,700 years, but this study suggests that events in 1257 was even larger than Tambora.

Mystery Solved eruption.

To solve this mystery, multidisciplinary team combining the clues that have been known to the new findings, the radiocarbon testing, chemical volcanic ejecta, the data stratigraphy and historical records. These eruptions are known by many different disciplines, many researchers, but the main problem is that they work individually. For that set up a team of experts in geology, geochemistry, geography, historians, radiocarbon test and others of which are from different specialties to combine the facts. "

The volcanic eruption is releasing 40 cubic kilometers of debris into the sky as high as 43 kilometers, producing ashfall living across the globe. Near the mountain itself, piled thick sediment collected by the team in more than 130 places to produce a picture of the stratigraphy and sedimentologis of how these eruptions occur.

Scientists know when the eruption of the radiocarbon test of sampling trunks and branches of trees along the sides of the mountain Samalas and Rinjani. The data is consistent with the radiocarbon dates and the medieval eruption shows no samples younger than 1257. The radiocarbon dating have ruled out the possibility of other candidates, such as El Chichon and Okataina, the eruptions occur outside these times.

This map shows the distribution of Pumice, volcanic rock light and porous by 50 mm up to as far as 46 km to the southeast of the vent Sumbawa. Scientists claim this shows the magnitude of the eruption Samalas

Furthermore, two decades ago, has revealed the existence of volcanic sulfate and tephra were locked in ice core samples taken from Greenland and Antarctica. That is strong evidence or "fingerprint" of the eruption, as known from both that the eruption was the eruption of the volcano tropics.
It narrows further candidates. Mount Quilotoa Ecuador does not produce large caldera when the eruptions occurred at about the same time period, and a huge caldera just like Segara Anak was the only candidate. Geochemical study of the composition of volcanic material were found in both ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica far less in common with volcanic material of Quilotoa - but have in common a very convincing composition with volcanic material Samalas.

This map shows the distribution of pyroclastic density currents (pDCs) and the location of the eruption Samalas charcoal samples were used for radiocarbon dating. Large eruption happened almost 800 years ago, might have been made 'Pompeii of the East', according to researchers

Perceived Impact Worldwide

Although the eruption took place on the equator, the impact is felt and recorded around the world. Climate disturbed for at least two years after the eruption. This evidence was found in the study of tree rings that express abnormal levels of growth, climate models and historical records from as far away as Europe.

Medieval history, for example, describes the 1258 summer as winter, with poor harvests and persistent rain that triggered floods that damage - known as the "year without a summer". But winter came after the eruption was felt warmer in Western Europe, as it should have happened from an eruption with a high sulfur content in the tropics. A historical record of Arras (northern France) speaking about a very mild winter "frozen only lasts for a few days," and even in the month of January 1258 "violet can be observed, and strawberries and apple trees have bloomed."

In Indonesia, a major disaster can be found in the notes written on palm leaves, Old Javanese texts from Babad Lombok depicting a large volcanic explosion that formed the caldera in the Mount Samalas, on the island of Lombok. His writings describe the deaths of thousands of people because of deadly ash and pyroclastic flows that destroyed Pamatan, the capital of the kingdom, and the area around it. Although historical records did not write down the exact dates, but they stated that the Holocaust happened before the end of the 13th century, fit in with other scientific evidence has been found of the eruption.

Description of a large eruption is actually very rare because of the eruption as it happens only about once every 600 years. It's kind of chronicles written only if one of the major eruptions occur quite close to the person who wrote the note but not very close to an eruption that could beat them.

In the case of Samalas, remnants of the physically far more tempting than a text or notes. Pamatan ancient kingdom in Lombok may be buried by a huge explosion and waiting to be discovered. Pamatan might like Pompeii and could be called its Pompeii East Asia.

It's certainly interesting. Sometimes the effects of pyroclastic flows can be relatively soft, like Pompeii where ash kills everyone but does not obliterate the city. Other eruptions, as part of Mount St. Helens in 1980, razing whole villages, so sometimes pyroclastic also destroy everything. We really do not know.

At first glance the Royal Order kingdom in Lombok

Briefly, the order of the establishment of kingdoms in this area can be traced as follows, with a note that this is not the only version that is growing. At first, an independent realm is LAeq. It is estimated, its position in the district Sambalia, East Lombok. In the process, then the migration, public LAeq move and build a new kingdom, the kingdom Pamatan, in Aikmel, Sembalun village now. The village is adjacent to Mount Samalas. Around the year 1257, Mountains Samalas Strikes erupted, destroying villages and kingdoms that are in the vicinity. The population spread fled to a safe area. The transfer marks the end of the kingdom Pamatan.

After Pamatan stopped there Suwung empire founded by Batara senses. The location of this kingdom located in Wells today. After the royal Suwung ends, only then emerging empire Lombok. Over the course of history, Lombok kingdom then suffered the devastation of the army offensive in the year 1357 AD Majapahit Raden Maspahit, Lombok royal ruler fled into the woods. When the soldiers returned to the Javanese Majapahit, Raden Maspahit out of the woods and set up a new empire under the name Stone Parang. In its development, this kingdom then known as Selaparang.

In connection with Selaparang, the kingdom was divided into two periods: the first, Hindu period which lasted from the 13th century AD, and ended due expedition Majapahit kingdom in 1357 AD; and secondly, the Islamic period, lasting from the 16th century AD, and ended in the 18th century (1740 AD), after the kingdom was conquered by the combined forces of Karang Asem, Bali and Banjar Getas.

Before the 16th century Majapahit Lombok are in power, the Supreme Gajah Mada sends to Lombok. At the end of the 16th century until the early 17th century, capsicum much influenced by Javanese Islam through preaching done by Sunan Giri, also influenced by Makassar. This causes a change of religion in Sasak, who previously Hindus to Islam.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Lombok was conquered by the kingdom Gel Gel Bali. Bali relics were very easy to see is the number of Balinese Hindu communities that inhabit the area of ​​Mataram and Lombok Barat. Several large temple also easily found in these areas. Lombok managed to free from the influence Gel Gel after the expulsion kingdom Selaparang (East Lombok), assisted by the kingdom in Sumbawa (influence Makassar). Some soldiers reportedly Sumbawa many who eventually settled in East Lombok, as evidenced by the existence of several villages in the Northeast Bank of East Lombok-majority speak the language of Samawa.

The above description can at least show that, these kingdoms actually exist, once stood, growing and then collapsed. How further information, such as social and cultural life of ordinary people and the royal family at the time? Historical data reveal that there has not been a lot of that fact.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/06/mount-samalas-history.html
DatePublished: June 3, 2016 at 11:24

Tag : Mount Samalas.

Richest Countries.

If some time ago Youthmanual had to expose the state of the States with the cost of the most expensive version in 2016.
Apparently, the richest countries in the world today is not dominated by the big countries, but by countries small and medium rich in mineral resources such as oil and gas, as well as strong in the business sector, services, and finance.
Compiled from newspaper Sindo and Global Finance Magazine based on data from the World Bank and international Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2015, the richest countries in the world are:

Switzerland.

Per Capita Income has a USD 56 815
Contributor to wealth: banking, healthcare
Switzerland has long been known as a country rich people in the world to save money. So imagine aja, deh, how much money stored in Swiss banks.
The richest countries 1.
Switzerland has the financial industry in the world, so many rich people entrust their property there. In addition, the Swiss economy is also supported by the health sector. Swiss flag just adopted to be the symbol of the Indonesian Red Cross.

United States.

Per capita income: USD 57.045
Contributor to wealth: agriculture, mining, finance, technology
Although it turned out not to be in the top five richest countries in the world, the superpower is still able to develop its economy becomes very large. As well as having a strong influence in the political world, the United States also has a large budget for research in the field of science. That is why, sectors such as agriculture, mining, finance to technology advanced rapidly in the United States.

Hong Kong

Per capita income: USD 57.676
From the first, Hong Kong is one of the financial centers in Asia, to the extent that he is able to align with the cities that hold the world economy, such as London and New York.

United Arab Emirates

Per capita income: USD 67.201
Wealth contributor: petroleum, natural gas, tourism
You must know that the United Arab Emirates rich with oil and natural gas. Automatically, the inclusion of the largest Middle Eastern countries are from their natural resources are.
The richest countries 2.
In addition, however, the United Arab Emirates are now beginning to strengthen the tourism sector.  You must be familiar with the iconic places in the UAE who became the target of many tourists, such as Ferrari World, the F1 circuit, and building Burj Khalifa?

Norway

Per capita income of USD 67.619
Contributor to wealth: oil, natural gas
No less with the countries of the Middle East, Norway also has petroleum and natural gas are plentiful. Plus, the country also has a stable economy that is able to put himself into one of the richest countries in the world.

Kuwait

Per capita income of USD 71,600
Contributor to wealth: oil, natural gas
Similar to Brunei and Qatar, Kuwait became one of the richest countries in the world thanks to oil and natural gas that they have. FYI, of the 4.2 million population of Kuwait, 2.9 million of whom are expatriates alias newcomers.

Brunei Darussalam

Per Capita Income: USD 80 335
Contributor to wealth: oil, natural gas
Neighbors are in the north of Borneo turned out great save natural resources, to the extent that oil and gas are owned by the state is the largest contributor to national income. Health and community housing Brunei Darussalam guaranteed by the state.

Singapore

Per Capita Income: USD 84 821
Contributor to wealth: finance, services, tourism
Thanks to the financial industry, services and tourism, a successful Singapore ranked third richest country in the world. The industrial sector is the largest contributor of revenues Little Red Dot this country.

Luxembourg

Per Capita Income: USD 94 167
Contributor to wealth: the steel industry, rubber industry
Luxembourg is not a big country. Wrote a total area of ​​only 2,586 square kilometers. But with high national income, can imagine how much roughly incomes of the population per year. Moreover, Luxembourg has a low inflation rate and the unemployment rate is low anyway! FYI, Luxembourg strong in the industrial sector, which is dominated by the steel industry and rubber.

Qatar

Per capita income: USD 146.011.
Wealth contributor: petroleum, chemical manufacturing
Countries in the Middle East should be proud as oil and gas producing countries in the world. Currently Qatar, became the third oil-producing country, you know, gaes. Pantes wrote its per capita income warbiyasak! Moreover, Qatar is also quite advanced in the chemical manufacturing industry.
The richest countries 3.
What about our beloved country? Currently, Indonesia is in position 103 with a per capita income of USD 10.759. Ranks, which is very far from the countries above.
Even so, according to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, our per capita income rose from Rp41,9 million per year in 2014, became Rp45,18 million per year in 2015.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/06/richest-countries.html
DatePublished: June 3, 2016 at 09:00

Tag : Richest Countries.

History of Mount Sinabung.

Mount Sinabung (Karo: Deleng Sinabung) is a volcano in Karo Highlands, Karo District, of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Along Sinabung Sibayak nearby are two active volcanoes in North Sumatra and became the second highest peak in the province. The height of the mountain is 2,451 meters.
The mountain is never recorded erupted since 1600, but suddenly active again with erupted in 2010. The mountain's last eruption occurred since September 2013 and lasted until now.

The eruption in 2010.
August 2010.

On August 27, 2010, the mountain was smoke and volcanic ash. On August 29, 2010 early morning at around 0:15 pm (August 28, 2010, 17:15 UTC), Mount Sinabung put out lava.
Status of this mountain was raised to Awas. Twelve thousand surrounding residents were evacuated and accommodated in 8 locations. Abu Sinabung tend to slide out of the southwest to the northeast. Most of the city of Medan was also enveloped in ash from Mount Sinabung.
Polonia Airport in Medan suffered no disruption of air travel.
One person reportedly died of respiratory problems when displaced from their homes.

September 2010.

On 3 September, the second eruption occurred. The first eruption occurred at around 4:45 pm while the second eruption occurred around 18:00 pm. The first eruption spewed ash as high vuklkanis 3 kilometers. Letuasn both coincided with volcanic earthquakes that can be felt up to 25 kilometers around the mountain.
On September 7, Sinabung back metelus. This is the largest eruption since it became active mountain on August 29, 2010. This eruption voice heard up to a distance of 8 kilometers. The volcanic ash spewed up to 5,000 meters in the air.

2013-2014 eruption.

In 2013, Mount Sinabung erupted again, until 18 September 2013, there have been four times eruption. The first eruption occurred last date of 15 September 2013 in the morning, then going back in the afternoon. On September 17, 2013, occurred two eruptions in the afternoon and evening. This eruption releasing hot clouds and volcanic ash. There is no prior signs will increase in activity so there is no early warning beforehand. Ashfall reached and Berastagi Sibolangit region. No casualties were reported, but thousands of nearby residents were forced to evacuate to a safe area.
As a result of these events, the status of Mount Sinabung is raised to level 3 into standby. Once the activity is high enough for a few days, on 29 September 2013 status lowered to level 2, Vigilant. However, the activity is not stopped and the condition is fluctuating.
Entering November, an increase in activity with volcanic eruptions intensified, so that on November 3, 2013 at 03:00 raised back into standby status. The evacuation of residents in the surrounding villages within 5 km is done.
Eruptions occur many times after that, with hot clouds glide up to 1.5 km. On 20 November 2013 an eruption occurred six times since early morning. Eruption (explosion) happened again four times on 23 November 2013 since the afternoon, followed the next day, five times. Formed column of ash as high as 8000 m above the summit of the mountain. As a result of this series of eruptions, Medan within 80 km in the east affected by volcanic ash. On November 24, 2013 at 10:00 Sinabung volcano status was raised to the highest level, level 4 (Awas). Residents of 21 villages and two hamlets had to be evacuated.

Status level 4 (do) it will stay until well into 2014. bursts of incandescent lava and hot clouds still continue to occur until January 3, 2014. Starting on January 4, 2014 occurred a series of earthquakes, eruptions, and hot clouds glide continuously until the next day , This additional force residents to evacuate, to more than 20 thousand people.
Once these conditions persisted, the last week of January 2014 Sinabung conditions began to stabilize and planned refugees originating from outside the danger radius (5 km) can be discharged. However, the day after 14 people were killed and three people injured by hot clouds glide while visiting Suka Meriah Village, District umbrellas which are in the danger zone I.

The eruption in 2016.

On May 21, 2016 at 16:48 pm, Mount Sinabung erupted again with out hot clouds. This hot cloud enveloped gamber village, Simpang Empat, Karo. As a result, seven people died and two others suffered burns. The victim was known was in the red zone in the village area of ​​the image radius 4 Km from Mount Sinabung. As of May 22, 2016, there have been four times eruption. According to the postal clerk Sinabung mountain, clouds glide heat due to the eruption first occurred at approximately 14:30 pm.

History and legend Sinabung.

History and legend of Mount Sinabung indeed leaves a number of questions. Especially when we associate the eruption of Mount Sinabung end of 2013 and with some confidence in the people around Mount Sinabung.

Mount Sinabung in Karo language called Deleng Sinabung volcano is located in the Highlands Karo, Karo District, of North Sumatra, Indonesia with an altitude of 2,460 meters. Along Sinabung Sibayak nearby are two active volcanoes in North Sumatra and became the highest peak in the area.
In addition, Mount Sinabung is one of 30 volcanoes are above the Great Sumatran Fault is an active volcano and the position closest to the ancient volcano that is supervulcano Mount Toba. Great Sumatran Fault is one of the two faults (faults) in the world!

Noted Mount Sinabung has never erupted since 1600, but suddenly active again by the eruption in 2010 and the last time Mount Sinabung eruption occurred since September 2013, lasted until today.

History of scary Sinabung.

Sinabung back "active" after the occurrence of a "terrible shock" around his plate. Beginning with the earthquake and tsunami's devastating Aceh on December 26, 2004, followed by the Nias earthquake in March 2005 and July 2006.

Not just stop there. Aftershocks occurred again start from the Padang earthquake in March 2007 (repeated in September 2009), followed by the Nias earthquake again in October 2009. Now, a year later, on August 29, 2010, Mount Sinabung erupted for the first time after 400 years of sleep.

Indeed, if the review of historical records, large fractures (faults) Sumatra, which stretches 1700 km it has a history that shook the entire world:

Mount Toba (in the middle) start with the all-powerful eruption 74,000 years ago, then shook the mountain Karakatau at its end in early modern history (1883), followed by the other tip of the Aceh quake shook the world with the magnitude of casualties and great shocks (2004).

For information, supervulcano Toba is said to still have a magma chamber beneath it is currently still asleep. That is on it is the beauty of Lake Toba. And if it is a caldera lake, the mountain Sinabung is a "child".

Well, if "kerewalan" the boy could raise the ire of the mother - Mount Toba? Wallahu 'natural sowab bus.

Myth Sinabung.

There are a number of myths in the form of legend about Mount Sinabung still circulating in the community Karo today. As usual we know, most people living in the volcano area is usually believed that the volcano kept many things magical and mystical.

In the area around Mount Sinabung eruption of Sinabung menggap community as an outlet for his anger. It is caused by the surrounding population was negligent perform certain rituals conducted hereditary. Therefore, not infrequently also believe if the rituals have been performed, then the mountain will not erupt though the mountain was really going to erupt.

There is also a story of the Karo people, especially in rural Bekerah, District Naman Teran as saying that Mount Sinabung activity is closely linked to the legend of Sheikh Abdurrahman. Residents believe Mount Sinabung erupted for not purified or lack of the customary rituals of the local community as a reward for the occupants in the Sinabung.
Trust it or not, a number of events that are unacceptable to common sense occurred several times lately and is believed to be giving a sign of anger 'inhabitants'. Similar to the narrative Polite Sah Pane, known as Pak Opan, smart wong practicing in Sunggal Road, next to Wisma Bambu, Medan.

According to him, the keeper of occult Mount Sinabung is Kiai Janggar, class Jin Ifrit, 8000-year-old, black-robed, the high reached a month, about 3000 KM.

"The residents of magical rage, he felt isolated, as if people forget about it, because never again the pilgrimage or make offerings to her," so the recognition Mr. Kiai Janggar Opan. Therefore, these supernatural beings perform a warning to local residents by blowing up the mountain Sinabung.
But it does not need to worry, said Mr. Opan. "This time Kiai Janggar only give shock therapy alone. In essence, Kiai Janggar want to put people around Sinabung appreciate its existence ", explains Mr. Opan.

Local residents are expected to revive the ways of the ancestors, and at the same time preserving nature. Adab or the way he was not really difficult, just laid flowers Telon, a set of betel, and then placed at the foot of the mountain by means of winnowing.

According to Pak Opan, turns, unseen inhabitants of Mount Sinabung can be used for all sorts of intent and purposes, depending on the desires of the wearer. How to? Simply by using the same telon betel flowers, fadiahkan Alfatihah as much on Janggar Kiai, making musk fragrance with black, and burn Buhur Sulaiman.

History Frightening "Hidden" in Regarding Sinabung.

Mount Sinabung, located in Karo North Sumatra is one of 30 volcanoes in the top of the Great Fault Sumetra and Active Volcanoes are the closest to the "Mountain Super" primordial ie supervulcano TOBA. And judging by its location, Sinabung active return since 2010, which for 400 years "asleep" asleep, its position is RIGHT on the Great Sumatran Fault from the "mama" itself is Mount Toba. And this fault is one of two fault / fracture of the most active in the world. Sinabung began to wake up after the devastating Earthquake and tsunami that rocked Aceh on December 26, 2004, followed later by the Nias earthquake in March 2005 and July 2006, followed by Padang earthquake in March 2007 repeated in September 2009 Nias earthquake followed again in October 2009. .. .... a year later, August 29, 2010 Mount Sinabung erupts for the first time after years of silence 400an. Great Sumatran Fault which stretches 1700 km has been recorded history shook the whole world: The eruption of Krakatau in this Fault ends in late August 1883 has listed how great tempest of this fault can be presented to the whole world. The resulting tsunami reached Hawaii, the English Channel and the French, and even on beaches around Sumatra and Java tsunami waves reached a height of 40 m. Imagine. Victims who reach 36,000 people. It's the number of people who died in the year 1883, where the human population is not as crowded now. The number of victims may bepuluh fold when going on now. Weather whole world is changing, the Earth's atmosphere were covered in dust, sunlight dimmed for a year, plague rampant, food shortages accompanying crop failures due to dust Karakatau. And many more phenomena that affect the world's future. And it all started here, in point hunjaman Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate, where Sinabung being rumbled on it these days.  If the earthquake resulting tsunami caused by the activity of "plate" at a depth of 10 km at 160 km from the west coast of Aceh, are earthquakes shallow volcanic approximately a depth of 3 km below Sinabung recorded dozens of times a day, accompanied by some of the Tectonic earthquake in depth of 10 km. Is there something that dikedalaman under Sumatra Island? And in one of the major eruptions in recent years, said the clerk Sinabung due Monitoring Post MAGMA NEW ARRIVE. Wow !! Are there other magma being "on the way" and those in greater numbers? Supervulcano Toba is said to still have the underlying magma chamber is being silent. That is surmounted by the beauty of Lake Toba. And if it is a caldera lake, then Sinabung is a "child". And because the holes bursts at peak Sinabung continue to multiply and increase in size (happens), it makes sense that the push magma ever more likely to focus on the point this out if indeed there Magma stuck that volume continued to grow with new magma due hunjaman-hunjaman plate since 2004. And because in the past been an explosion of super powerful a mountain on the planet, and the mountain is the "mother Bladder" Sinabung itself, it is only natural that Sinabung, in particular refugee fate more attention. Moreover, history records that the horrors have occurred on a stretch of this fault. Mount Toba (amid) started (he said 73,000 years ago), Karakatau diujungnya rocked in early modern history (1883), earthquake in Aceh diujungnya them again shook the world with the magnitude of casualties and great shocks (2004), then Sinabung, located near the "mother" , will put an end to the terror of this fault in the history of human civilization (?).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/06/history-of-mount-sinabung.html
DatePublished: June 1, 2016 at 12:10

Tag : Mount Sinabung.

History of Lake Toba.

Lake Toba is a tekto-volcanic lake with a length of 100 kilometers and 30 kilometers wide, located in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This lake is the largest lake in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. In the middle of this lake there is a volcanic island called Pulau Samosir.

History.

It is estimated that Lake Toba was formed when the explosion around 73000-75000 years ago and is the eruption (super volcano) the most recent. Bill Rose and Craig Chesner from Michigan Technological University estimate that the total amount of material at approximately 2,800 km3 eruption-about 2,000 km3 of ignimbrite that flowed over the ground, and about 800 km3 which fell as ash, especially to the west. Pyroclastic flows from the eruption destroyed an area of ​​20,000 km2, with ash deposits as thick as 600 m to the main crater.

This incident caused mass death and extinction of some species of living things. According to some DNA evidence, this eruption also reduced the number of people to about 60% of the total human population of the earth at that time, which is about 60 million people. The eruption also caused the ice age, although experts still argue about it. After the eruption, the caldera formed which is then filled with water and became what is now known as Lake Toba. Pressure up by magma that has not come out cause the appearance of the island.

International multidisciplinary team of researchers, led by Dr. Michael Petraglia, revealed in a press conference in Oxford, the United States has found a new archaeological site that is quite spectacular by geologists in southern and northern India. On the site revealed how people survive, before and after volcanic eruptions (supervolcano) Toba 74,000 years ago, and evidence of life beneath the ashes of Mount Toba. Though the source of eruptions within 3,000 miles, from the distribution of ashes.
For seven years, experts from Oxford University are researching the ecosystem project in India, to look for evidence of life and lives they left behind equipment in a barren desert. Area with thousands of hectares of this was only the savanna (grasslands). While animal bones scattered. The team concluded, a quite large area turned out covered with dust from ancient volcanic eruptions.
The spread of volcanic dust was very spacious, found almost all over the world. Derived from an ancient supervolcano eruption, namely Mount Toba. Alleged leads to Mount Toba, because it found evidence of molecular forms of volcanic ash in the same 2100 period. Since caldera crater is now a lake Toba in Indonesia, 3,000 miles, from the source of the eruption. Even that is quite surprising, apparently spread of dust to be recorded up to the North Pole. It is reminiscent of the experts, how powerful the Toba super volcano eruption at the time.

Environmental damage.

In May 2012, Samosir regency issued a decree (SK) Regent Naidoo No. 89 dated May 1, 2012 on Granting Location Plantation Business Horticulture and Animal Husbandry area of ​​800 hectares in the Forest Tele, in the village of Partungkot Nagijang and Hariara Doors, District Day, Samosir, North Sumatra to PT Gorga Duma Sari (GDS) which is owned by a member of parliament Samosir, Jonni Sitohang. Then proceed with the Timber Utilization Permits (IPK) given by the Head of North Sumatra Province through Decree of the Head of the Forestry and Plantation Samosir District No. 005 Year 2013. Board Chairman Nauli Samosir Care Forum (Charm), Manalu Rohani stated that this makes consent obtained PT GDS cutting up natural wood in the forest without having EIA. Rohani also said that another result is the occurrence of landslides and floods that caused fatalities.
Tele due to logging, mud results on soil erosion in the former logging has caused siltation of rivers around Lake Toba.
Million tree planting program driven North Sumatra provincial government was said to be ineffective because many trees died because untreated. This led three environmental activists of North Sumatra, Marandus Sirait, Hasoloan Manik (Kalpataru), and Wilmar Eliaser Simandjorang (Medal Karya Satya, Toba Award, Wana Lestari) returns all charter award ever given by the government of North Sumatra Province, the Ministry of Forestry, and National Palace.
Environment Minister Balthasar Kambuaya has sent two letters of recommendation in order Mangindar Simbolon Samosir Regent as giving a business license and responsible to give administrative sanctions such as the closure of business activities. After the first letter was ignored, Regent Naidoo said the second letter by stating that the company does not violate the so unfit closed. Because the Regent did not implement the recommendation, the Ministry of Environment also imposed a takeover Authority (Second Line Enforcement) and closes while the activity of PT GDS. After the Ministry of Environment descend directly to the site based on the finding that the decision is not heeded, then Pemkab wrote PT GDS to obey the decree. PT GDS also halt all operations and pull heavy equipment in the region based on the recognition of GDS Director Jonni Sitohang.

Facts About Lake Toba.
Some reviews of the facts about the lake Toba.

1. Mount Toba is a huge volcano is an active volcano in
    category is huge, estimated last erupted about 74,000 years ago.

2. Research about Toba has not ended to this day. So, still
    many mysteries behind the sleeping giant.

3. Location of Mount Toba (now Lake Toba), in Indonesia is prone
    disaster. This corresponds to the position of Indonesia is located in
    confluence of three tectonic plates, the Eurasian, Indoaustralia and
    Pacific Plate.

4. Mount Toba has erupted up to 3 times.
    - The first eruption occurred about 800 thousand years ago. this eruption
      produced the caldera in the south of Lake Toba, covering area
      Prapat and Porsea.
    - The second eruption which has a smaller force, occurred 500 thousand
      last year. This eruption formed a caldera in the north of Lake Toba.
      Precisely in the area between Silalahi with Haranggaol. of two
      These eruptions, eruptions ketigalah most powerful.
    - The third eruption 74,000 years ago produced the caldera, and
      into Lake Toba Samosir Island in now with
      middle.

5. Mount Toba supervolcano is classified.
    This is because Mount Toba has a large magma chamber
    if large caldera erupts once. Volcano usual average kalderanya
    hundreds of meters away, while a supervolcano can reach tens of kilometers.

6. Lake Toba, the length of 100 kilometers and a width of 30 kilometers,
    surrounded by relics of pumice from the eruption.

7. Dust rhyolite (rhyolite) were the same age as the rocks Toba in Malaysia,
    even as far as 3,000 kilometers north to Central India, but it is also found
    in the Indian Ocean.

8. Lake Toba caldera formed by an eruption of Mount Toba
    about three times the first 840 thousand years ago and the last 74,000 years
    then. Portions were thrown by the eruption it reaches an area of ​​
    100 km x 30 km square. The remaining areas later formed the caldera.
    In the middle then came the island.

9. The occurrence of anomalous gravity, Toba. According to the law of gravity,
    between one place to another would have the same force of gravity when
    has a mass, altitude and the relativity of the same. If there are
    Other materials are there with different mass, then the force
    different appeal. Imagine the mountain erupted. Many materials
    out, means to lose mass and reduced its style. Then
    happens uplifting (removal). This is what causes
    the emergence of the island.

10. Lake Toba is a volcanic lake with a length
     100 kilometers and 30 kilometers wide, located in Sumatra
     Utara, Indonesia. This lake is the largest lake in Indonesia
     and Southeast Asia.

11. The eruption of Mount Tobe cause mass death and the
      also followed the extinction of some species. According to some DNA
      evidence, this eruption also reduced the number of people to about 60%
      of total human population of the earth at that time, which is about
      60 million people. The eruption also caused the ice age

12. The eruption of Mount Toba resulted in a huge influence,
      found evidence of molecular forms of the same volcanic ash in 2100 point
      in this world.

13. In fact, surprisingly enough, it turns out the spread of ash from
      the eruption of Mount Toba it to be recorded up to the North Pole.

14. The eruption of Mount Toba caused mass death and the
      also followed the extinction of some species.

15. Lake Toba was ranked in the world's first social accounts twitter
      compared to other lakes are also wonderful.

16. Lake Toba became a tourist destination (DTW) in North Sumatra,
      Traveller local, national, and international.

17. Bill Rose and Craig Chesner from Michigan Technological University
      estimates that the volcanic bahanbahan the mountain spit
      2800 km ³, with 800 km ³ of rock overlies and 2,000 km ³ of ash
      Volcanic estimated wind to the west for 2 weeks.

18. According to some DNA evidence, the eruption of Mount Toba
      reduced the number of people to about 60% of the human population
      earth at that time that about 60 million people.

Mystery eruption of Mount Toba, the only supervolcano in Indonesia.
Mount Toba is a huge volcano (super volcano) is an active volcano in the category of very large, estimated to last erupted about 74,000 years ago.

The eruption of Mount Tambora in comparison with the all-powerful eruption of Mount Toba, then Mount Tambora is not nothing. Especially when compared to the eruption of Mount Kratakau losers far as Mount Tambora.

Comparison Tambora eruption by Mount Toba supervolcano
So, suppose eruption St. Helen in Washington USA that erupted in 1980 have a number of eruptions on a scale of 1, then the Krakatoa volcano erupted in 1883 scale 18 or 18 times bigger (1:18).

Meanwhile, when compared with the scale of Mount Tambora eruption of Mount St. Helen very much for Mount Tambora erupted in 1815 scale 80, or 80 times larger than the eruption of Mount St. Helen (1:80).

Moreover, if the eruption St. Helen compared with the last eruption of Toba, about 74-75 thousand years ago the very drastic magnitude scale is 2800, or 2800 times larger than the eruption of Mount St. Helen! Alias ​​one in 2800 (1: 2800)

The eruption of Mount Tambora is the most powerful volcanic eruption ever known to the human civilization (see article: Mystery and Chronology eruption of Tambora, Three Kingdoms Vanish Instantly).
And the eruption of Krakatoa is the most powerful volcanic eruption ever recorded in the era of modern times.
While the eruption of Mount Toba completely unrecorded in the books, but you look at the scientific evidence in the present.

The scientific evidence.

In 1939, the Dutch geologist Van Bemmelen reported, Lake Toba, the length of 100 kilometers and a width of 30 kilometers, surrounded by relics of pumice from the eruption.

Therefore, Van Bemmelen concluded, Toba is a volcano. Later, some other researchers have found dust rhyolite (rhyolite) were the same age as the rocks Toba in Malaysia, even as far as 3,000 kilometers north to Central India.

Some oceanographers also reported finding traces of rock Toba Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal.
Researchers beginning, Van Bemmelen also Aldiss and Ghazali (1984) has been created through a suspect Toba eruption mahadahsyat.

However, other researchers, Vestappen (1961), Yokoyama and Hehanusa (1981), and Nishimura (1984), suspected caldera was created through several eruptions.
Researchers later, Knight and his colleagues (1986) and Chesner and Rose (1991), provides a more detailed forecast: Toba caldera created through three giant eruption.

Research about Toba has not ended to this day. So, there are still many mysteries behind the sleeping giant. One researcher Toba It is the latest generation Fauzi of Indonesia, seismologists at the Meteorology and Geophysics Agency.
Bachelor of Physics from the University of Indonesia, 1985 graduates earned a doctorate from Renssealer Polytechnic Institute, New York, in 1998, for his research on Toba.

Being in three tectonic plates.

Location of Mount Toba (now Lake Toba), in Indonesia is prone to disaster. This corresponds to the position of Indonesia is located at the confluence of three tectonic plates, the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and the Pacific Plate. As many as 80% of the territory of Indonesia, located in the Eurasian plate, which includes Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Banda.

The continental shelf life, every year they shifted or mashing the other plate with a certain distance. Eurasian plate which is continental plates always a target.

Indo-Australian plate, for example pounding the Eurasian plate as far as 5-7 cm per year. Or the Pacific Plate is shifting relative to the Eurasian plate as far as 11 cm per year. Of the shift there came a series of mountains, including the volcano Toba.

If there is a collision, the ocean plate containing sediment layers beneath the continental plate infiltrate. This process is then called subduction or tampering.
Mount subduction results, one of Mount Toba. Although now no longer shaped mountain, remnants of eruptions kedasahyatan still looks today.

Lake Toba is a caldera formed by the eruption of Mount Toba around three times the first 840 thousand years ago and the last 74,000 years ago.
Portions were thrown by the eruption it reaches an area of ​​100 km x 30 km square. The remaining areas later formed the caldera. In the middle, then appeared the island.

Eruption.
Previous Mount Toba erupted three times.

- The first eruption occurred about 800 thousand years ago. This eruption
   produced the caldera in the south of Lake Toba, covers an area of Prapat
   and Porsea.
- The second eruption which has a smaller force, occurred 500 thousand years
   ago. This eruption formed a caldera in the north of Lake Toba. Precisely in
   the area between Silalahi with Haranggaol. Of these two eruptions,
   the eruption of the third most powerful.
- The third eruption 74,000 years ago produced the caldera, and into Lake Toba
  Samosir Island now with in the middle.
  Mount Toba supervolcano is classified. This is because Mount Toba has a
  large magma chamber if it erupts kaldeira his immense. Volcano kaldeira its
  hundreds of meters, whereas the Supervolacano tens of kilometers.

What is interesting is the gravity anomaly in Toba. According to the law of gravity, from one place to the other will have the same force of gravity when it has a mass, altitude and the relativity of the same.

If there are other materials that are in situ with different masses, then its a different style. Imagine the mountain erupted. Much of the material runs out, the mass loss and reduced its style. Then that happened up-lifting (removal). This is what led to the emergence of the island.

Mount Toba caldera is a scene that is now called Lake Toba and Samosir island in the middle are formed due to the style of up-lifting (removal). This is what led to the emergence of the island.

Magma beneath it kept moving on, slowly. He had no power to erupt. This movement seeks to adapt to normal gravity.

This happened in the period of thousands of years. Naidoo raised only because it was the weakest region. While other areas of the caldera wall.

While the ancestors of modern humans, Homo sapiens, began to appear and stay in Africa 150000-200000 years ago.

They began to migrate out of Africa 70,000 years ago and spread throughout the world. At approximately the same period, 74,000 years ago, there was a massive eruption of Mount Toba.

When linked with the Toba eruption, the findings also indicate that our ancestors were able to survive the catastrophe that could potentially wipe out life.

The survival scenario supported by evidence of a track record of DNA in populations Wallacea which show a mix of genes with a population of Greater Sunda region (now known as the Southeast Asian region).

In addition, there are fossils and relics of ancient man in Gua Niah, Sarawak. Of age, Niah findings indicate that humans are not destroyed by the eruption of Toba.

Terrible's Six Things Will Happen If Lake Toba erupt once again.
Scientists strongly believe that all the supervolcano in the world including Mount Toba certainly will erupt again. But no one can be sure to accurately when to erupt again.

There is only an estimate.

1. Millions of Tons of Sulfur Acids Will Make Dark World Total
Once, in a single beat of the eruption of Mount Toba ancient capable of spewing millions of tons of sulfuric acid into the air. When this happens, then the world would be filled with toxic fumes like strangling the throat.

Even when this happened in the past, the world suddenly darkened instantly. Such as Sumatra and Kalimantan affected the smoke, but the rate is far worse. Even moments of darkness is not expected to disappear within a few years.

2. Life Will Die
Not only make the world a dark and pollution, Toba eruption in the past also make life seemed to come to an end. How can? Yes, it turns out material eruption blanketed the Earth as a whole. As a result, total unobstructed sunlight that does not support life.

Photosynthesis die, the plants withered immediately, animals and humans will begin to lose their time. The impact of the eruption was only briefly any resulting death of life. This scenario actually happened in the past.

3. Be Very Cold Ocean.
A geologist from New York University conducted a study to find out how the Earth's climate in the past. He also excavated in the seabed and find an object called foraminifera. From here he was surprised not to play, because this is the first indication that the Earth's temperature extremes.

This study was developed including the discovery of ancient fulkanis dust in Greenland. Through this research finally revealed a common ground. The researchers believe if there is a phenomenon that triggers this extreme temperature. And in the end is unknown if the cause is the eruption of Mount Toba. The geologist also said if because of this eruption worldwide ocean temperature decreased to 5 derejat Celsius. Almost frozen.

4. Extreme Weather Up Decades.
74 thousand years ago after the tragedy, the researchers estimated that if the Earth experienced super cold temperatures. If the ocean could just as cold as it was, then the air was expected not much different. Weather like this will last not just one or two months, but decades!

The world may be entering an ice age but have different versions. As a result of the Toba eruption, the Earth is not only frozen but also exceptional dark. Nothing will be able to pass this, until finally this scenario would be the end of our life.

5. Lake Toba and Samosir Island Vanish.
The impact of the eruption of the Toba caldera in the past is that we can see today. So what if the eruption identical as 74 thousand years ago to happen again? Maybe Lake Toba and Samosir Island will disappear, may even be split Sumatra.

It is very likely because Toba is located at the junction of three tectonic plates, the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and Pacific. Mutual mashed three of these plates causes subduction or tampering. So because of this the existence of Lake Toba Alone so threatened. When the eruption itself certainly will happen great throw, at the moment would surely result in part of the island of Samosir thrown.

6. Trigger Volcano Other.
The volcano has a connecting line between one and the other. When one reacts, then the others will be triggered. As was the case some time ago when volcanoes in Indonesia slowly began to alternately active one by one. If the trigger is like a super volcano Toba, then of course the others will also be affected more strongly.

After Toba explodes, it is most likely a row of mountains in the path of eruption tectonic participate anyway. If the mountains erupt simultaneously, then the unimaginable horror.

Disasters like this is not something that can diintevensi humans. There are also powerful tools that exist in nature only a warning, not prevent.

Its eruption could happen tomorrow or thousands of years. What is clear a moment Toba lake created by the outcome of the Toba eruption will certainly erupt again.

So, if the disaster occurs, then it seems there would be no hope. In fact, the researchers said, life would never be easy again when the super volcano spewing its contents.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/06/history-of-lake-toba.html
DatePublished: June 1, 2016 at 09:31

Tag : Lake Toba.

Mount Krakatau.

Krakatau (English: Krakatoa) is a volcanic archipelago that are still active and is located in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra are included in the nature reserve area. This name was ever pinned on a volcanic peak there (Krakatoa) are gone because eruption itself on 26-27 August 1883. The eruption was so powerful; hot clouds and the resulting tsunami killed about 36,000 people. Up until December 26, 2004, this tsunami is the most powerful in the Indian Ocean region. Cracking noise was heard up in Alice Springs, Australia and the island of Rodrigues near Africa, 4,653 kilometers. Yield is estimated at 30,000 times the atomic bomb that was detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II.

Sunda Strait

Krakatau eruption caused global climate change. The world was dark for two and a half days due to volcanic ash that covered the atmosphere. The sun shines dim until next year. Scattering of dust visible in the sky Norway to New York.
The Krakatoa explosion is still less than the eruption of Mount Toba and Tambora in Indonesia, Mount Tanpo in New Zealand and Mount Katmal in Alaska. However, these mountains erupted deep in a time when the human population is still very small. Meanwhile, when Krakatoa erupted, the human population is quite dense, science and technology has evolved, the telegraph was invented, and the submarine cable has been installed. Thus it can be said that the current information technology is growing and developing rapidly.
Noted that the eruption of Krakatoa was the first major disaster in the world after the discovery of the submarine telegraph. Progress is, unfortunately, not been matched by progress in the field of geology. The geologist was even able to give an explanation of these eruptions. Mount Krakatoa erupted, the tremors felt to Europe.

Development of Mount Krakatau
Mount Krakatau Purba.

Seeing the area of ​​Mount Krakatau in the Sunda Strait, experts estimate that in ancient times there is an enormous mountain in the Sunda Strait which finally erupted explosively leaving a caldera (crater large) called Mount Krakatau Ancient, which is the parent of Mount Krakatoa erupted in 1883. The mountain is composed of andesitic rocks.
Notes on Ancient Krakatoa eruption taken from an Old Javanese text entitled Pustaka Raja Parwa dating from the year 416 AD. Among other things, stated:
"There was the sound of thunder from Mount Batuwara. There is also shaking the earth scary, total darkness, thunder and lightning. Then came the wind and rain storms were terrible and the whole storm darkens the whole world. A big flood came from Mount Batuwara and flow east toward Mount Kamula .... When the water drowning, Java island separated into two, creating islands of Sumatra "

Geologist Berend George Escher and some other experts argue that natural events are told from Mount Krakatau Purba, which in the text called Mount Batuwara. According to the book Pustaka Raja Parwa, Ancient Krakatoa's height reaches 2,000 meters above sea level, and the circle of beach reached 11 kilometers.
As a result of the great explosion, three-quarters were destroyed, leaving the body of Ancient Krakatoa caldera (crater large) in the Sunda Strait. The sides or edges of the crater known as Rakata and Sertung Long Island, in another note referred to as Rakata, Rakata Small and Sertung. The explosion was allegedly responsible for the occurrence of the dark ages on earth. Bubonic plague disease occurs due to the temperature cools. This plague has significantly reduced the number of people on earth.
The eruption is also considered to be contributing on the end of the heyday of ancient Persia, the transmutation of the Roman Empire to the Byzantine Empire, the end of the civilization of South Arabia, the extinction of a large Maya city, Tikal and the collapse of the Nazca civilization in South America is full of puzzles. Ancient Krakatoa explosion is estimated to last for 10 days at an estimated speed of vomit mass reach 1 million tons per second. The blast has formed a shield 20-150 meter thick atmosphere, lowering the temperature by 5-10 degrees for 10-20 years.

The emergence of Krakatoa.

Rakata, which is one of three the rest of the island of Krakatoa Purba then grow in accordance with the encouragement of the volcanic bowels of the earth, known as Mount Krakatoa (or Mount Rakata) made of basaltic rock. Later, two volcanoes emerging from the crater, called Mount Danan and Mount Perbuwatan which is then fused with Mount Rakata appeared first. Unity is the third volcano called Mount Krakatau.
Mount Krakatoa erupted in 1680 produced andesitic lava acid. Then in 1880, Mount Perbuwatan actively secretes though not erupt lava. After that time, no longer Krakatau volcanic activity on until May 20, 1883. On that day, after 200 years of sleep, a small explosion at Krakatoa. That would be the early signs of the massive eruption in the Sunda Strait. This small explosion was followed by a small eruption that peaked on 26-27 August 1883.

1883 eruption of Krakatoa.

On the day Monday, August 27, 1883, at exactly 10:20, an explosion on the mountain. According to Simon Winchester, a geologist graduated from Britain's Oxford University who is also the author of National Geographic said that the blast was the biggest, the loudest and the most devastating volcanic events in modern human history. Letusannya voice heard up to 4,600 km from the center of the explosion and can even be heard by 1/8 of the earth's population at that time.
According to researchers at the University of North Dakota, along with the explosion of Krakatoa explosion of Tambora (1815) recorded a value Volcanic explosivity index (VEI), the largest in modern history. The Guinness Book of Records recorded the explosion of Krakatoa as the most powerful explosion in recorded history.
Krakatoa explosion had been throwing stones pumice and volcanic ash with a volume of 18 cubic kilometers. A burst of dust vulkanisnya reach 80 km. Hard objects that flew into the air it falls on the plains of Java and Sumatra, even to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand.
The eruption destroyed Danan Mountains, Mount Perbuwatan and part of Mount Rakata where half cone lost, making the basin width of 7 km and a depth of 250 meters. Tsunami (ocean waves) rose as high as 40 meters of destroyed villages and whatever is in the coastal area. The tsunami was caused not just because of the eruption but also submarine landslide.
Noted the death toll reached 36,417 people came from 295 villages coastal areas ranging from Merak Cilegon until Cilamaya in Karawang, the west coast of Banten to Tanjung Layar in Panaitan Island (Ujung Kulon and parts of Sumatra south. In Ujungkulon, flood entrance to 15 km to the west. the next day until a few days later, residents of Jakarta and Lampung hinterland no longer see the sun. tsunami caused even creeping up into the coast of Hawaii, Central America and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula are 7 thousand kilometers away.

Child of Krakatau.

Starting in 1927, or approximately 40 years after the eruption of Mount Krakatau, a volcano that emerged is known as Anak Krakatau of the ancient caldera region is still active and still growing in height. High growth speed of about 0.5 meters (20 inches) per month. Every year it becomes higher at about 6 meters (20 feet) and a width of 12 meters (40 feet). Another note to mention the height is about 4 centimeters per year and if calculated, then within 25 years of the addition of high-achieving children Rakata 190 meters (7,500 inches or 500 feet) higher than the previous 25 years. The cause of the high mountain was caused by the material that comes out of the belly of the new mountain. Currently, the height of Anak Krakatau reach about 230 meters above sea level, while Mount Krakatau previously had a height of 813 meters above sea level.
According to Simon Winchester, despite what happened in the life of Krakatau which used to be very frightening realities of geology, seismic and tectonic in Java and Sumatra strange will ensure that what used to happen at some point will happen again. No one knows exactly when the Son of Krakatoa to erupt. Some geologists predict these eruptions will occur between 2015-2083. But the effect of the earthquake in the Indian Ocean base at December 26, 2004 can not be overlooked.

According to Professor Ueda Nakayama one expert Japanese national volcano, Anak Krakatau is still active and relatively safe although there are often small eruptions, there are only certain times of the tourists are prohibited from approaching the area because of the danger of lava that spewed out of the volcano. Other experts claim there is no plausible theory of Anak Krakatau will re-erupt. Even if there are at least 3 or more centuries after 2325 AD But clearly, the number of victims affected more powerful than the previous eruptions. Anak Krakatau today by the general public is better known as "Krakatoa" also, though in fact is a new mountain that grows after the previous eruption.

The history of Mount Krakatau.

What are your minds when they hear the word "Krakatoa"? Surely directly terbesit the terrifying eruption that occurred in 1883 in the Sunda Strait. On this occasion, I am keen to discuss the history of the mountain of Krakatoa.

The eruption of Mount Krakatau history.

Krakatau island used to be a form of active volcanic mountain located in the Sunda Strait, between the islands of Sumatra and Java. Mount Krakatau has existed since ancient times and never eruption. Based on wikipedia site, a note of Ancient Krakatoa eruption taken from an Old Javanese text entitled Pustaka Raja Parwa dating from the year 416 AD. Among other things, stated:

"There was the sound of thunder from Mount Batuwara. There is also shaking the earth scary, total darkness, thunder and lightning. Then came the wind and rain storms were terrible and the whole storm darkens the whole world. A big flood came from Mount Batuwara and flow east toward Mount Kamula .... When the water drowning, Java island separated into two, creating islands of Sumatra "

Based on the records of the ancient Javanese texts, ancient Krakatoa estimated altitude as high as 2000 m. Wikipedia also notes that the eruption of Krakatoa ancient is also considered to be contributing on the end of the heyday of Persian ancient, transmutation of the Roman Empire to the Byzantine Empire, the end of the civilization of South Arabia, the extinction of large cities Maya, Tikal and the fall of civilization Nazca in South America is full of puzzles. Ancient Krakatoa explosion is estimated to last for 10 days at an estimated speed of vomit mass reach 1 million tons per second. The blast has formed a shield 20-150 meter thick atmosphere, lowering the temperature by 5-10 degrees for 10-20 years.

Krakatau ancient eruptions that occurred in the hundreds of thousands of years ago, crushing and drowning 2/3 of ancient Krakatoa. As a result of the eruption, leaving three islands, namely the island of Rakata, Round Length, and Sertung. Growth lava that occur within the caldera rakata forming two new volcanic island, that Danan and Deeds.

Before the 1883 Krakatau.

On August 27, 1883, eruption mahadahsyat (scale VEI / Volcano Eruption Index = 6.0) which destroyed 60% of the body of Krakatoa in the middle, forming a hole caldera 7 km long and leaving three small islands, namely the island of Rakata, Sertung and Islands Long. Krakatau eruption can be heard up to 4600 km. Krakatoa explosion had been throwing stones pumice and volcanic ash with a volume of 18 cubic kilometers. A burst of dust vulkanisnya reach 80 km. Hard objects that flew into the air it falls on the plains of Java and Sumatra, even to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand. The impact of the eruption of Krakatoa is carrying the death toll reached 36,417 people and sending a tsunami. Krakatau volcanic activity began three months earlier. "The catastrophic eruption ensued ... lumps of ash gushed into the air as high as 70 kilometers, accompanied by a tsunami. 40-meter waves sweep away the beach next to Sumatra and Java in the Sunda Strait.

In 1927, approximately 43 years after Mount Krakatoa erupted, emerging from ancient caldera volcano is still active. High growth speed of about 20 inches per month. Every year it becomes higher at about 20 feet. Altitude krakatau children today is 450 meters. But for the tourists, since the eruption of the Child of Krakatoa in 2011, the tourists are not able to go to the top of the Krakatoa. Currently, tourists can climb the mountain only child of Krakatoa to a height of about 200 meters / the last post.

Natural succession at Anak Krakatau.

The colonization of plant and animal species on the island of Rakata, Panjang, and Sertung been running long enough. As for the Krakatau child alone in a new place on a few decades later (about 75 years later). On the island of Krakatoa child, the child of Krakatoa ridge of no plant life due to high temperatures and lack of water. But in the area can be found pioneer plants such as reed (Saccharum spontaneum) are symbiotic with Azospirillum lippoferrum. At the bottom of which has been overgrown with reeds in a process of weathering of sand around which later grew kinds Melastoma affine and other types of plants.

Based on existing records, there are currently some 206 plant species as there are fungi, 13 species Lichenes, 61 species of ferns and 257 species Spermatophyta. For animals, there were rats and bats to mammals and 40 species of birds / poultry / aves, like Centropus bengalensis, Falco severus, Plegadis sp. Pet reptiles are lizards, turtles and snakes.

Anak Krakatau began to be excellent for the domestic tourists, especially tourists from the Greater Jakarta, Banten and Lampung. Anak Krakatau began ogled because the location is not so far away and offers a view that is not less interesting than Bromo and Semeru. Many tourists who want to set foot for a closer look at the child of Krakatoa, and know as well as information from local volcanology agency about the history and development of the child of Krakatoa Krakatoa. Travelers usually will visit various destinations in the islands near the child of Krakatoa and tourists can stay (homestay) on the island Sebesi. The journey from the island Sebesi towards Anak Krakatau taken approximately 90-120 minutes by boat.

When your ship docked on the island of Krakatoa child, you will see the black sand beach. Most likely, the sand is sand eruption of Krakatoa. Not far from the boat dock area, there is a monument of the nature reserve of Krakatoa and several signs and the introduction of the Krakatoa.

Note carefully the warning signs and restrictions are there for you to visit in this world heritage area. Every rating required to comply with any applicable regulations and maintain the cleanliness of the area as well as carrying and regional environmental damage.

Note that in this area there is no signal in addition to the freeway and just being around the first post (cottage) Natural Resources Conservation Agency of Lampung Province. Clean water was not there. If you want to urinate and defecate, you should take the sea water prior to use in the bathroom perfunctory which is behind the cottage KSDA Lampung or use the old-fashioned way by digging a hole and close it immediately after completion. To drink was, the guard KSDA Lampung, bringing clean water and drinking in the stock during the week. If the water is less, the officer will usually get their water from the nearby island of springs Sertung or Sebesi Island.

In children krakatau, there monitor volcanic activity. In this area, the detection device using solar power cell to send information to the Agency and the Center for Volcanology Lampung. When an increase in volcanic activity Child of Krakatoa, the detector will immediately send the signals. Solar cells are used, there are two units with two batteries that are planted in the ground.

Unfortunately, tourists have been unable to climb to the top of the krakatau since 2011 due to volcanic activity Child of Krakatoa. Mountain heights Child of Krakatoa is currently about 450 meters since its inception in 1927, or in other words the child's height growth estimates krakatau about 5-6 meters per year. Mount Krakatau child will grow every year because it is still active and the activity of lava inside the volcano.

The tourists will be able to climb the mountain only child of Krakatoa to a height of about 200 meters which can be reached within 30-45 minutes until the last post ascent. When there are visitors, will usually be accompanied by the officers of KSDA Lampung assigned during the week alternately at Anak Krakatau Region.

From the last post Child of Krakatoa, you will see the mountain rakata, Sertung, and Long Island. The view from this last post was very indulgent eye. When traveling, do not forget to take some pictures as memories while in this world heritage area.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/05/mount-krakatau.html
DatePublished: May 31, 2016 at 10:09

Tag : Mount Krakatau.

Number of Prisoners Most.

Watchdog International Center for Prison Studies (ICPS) reported until October 2015 at least 10.35 million people are languishing behind bars in various countries around the world.

The amounts listed in the writings of Ron Walmsley reports included prisoners who are still awaiting trial and have been charged, or who has received a verdict.

However, in some countries such as North Korea (North Korea), Eritrea, and China the number of prisoners who are in jail can not be known with certainty because of the possibility that some detainees were placed in labor camps.

In addition to the number of prisoners in the countries of the world, the report also compares the density of the prison (Imprisonment rate) in a country with a population total.

The countries with the highest number of prisoners in the world, as reported by IB Times, Thursday (04/02/2016), with sourced from the World Prison Population List.

10. Indonesia.

Our country turned out to include 10 countries with the highest number of prisoners. World Prison Population List recorded as many as 161 692 prisoners languishing behind bars in Indonesia.
Perhaps this number looks pretty great. However, if compared with the total population of Indonesia, overcrowding of prisoners in Indonesia only stands at 64 people per 100 thousand inhabitants.

9. Turkey.

A country located on the Bosphorus Strait has strict laws regarding such things as freedom of the press and armed groups. The country also has three types namely prison closed, semi-open and open.
These prisons accommodate 172 562 inmates, which means every 100 thousand inhabitants Turkey, 200 people are in prison.

8. Iran.

More recently, a journalist from the United States (US), Jason Rezaian, released by the Government of Iran as part of a prisoner exchange between Tehran and Washington.
Rezaian recounted his experience during incarcerated for 545 days in one of the most horrible prisons in Iran's Evin Prison. Interrogation techniques confinement in isolation rooms and other tortures.

This experience may be more or less similar in prisons in other Iran which currently houses 225 624 prisoners at a density of 100 thousand versus 287.

7. Mexico.

A total of 225 138 people were reportedly languishing in a Mexican prison which has a population of approximately 125 million people.
Reputation prisons in the State Sombrero was less impressive in the outside world. With allegations of corruption are thought to be one cause of the successful escape of a dangerous drug boss Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman last year.

6. Thailand.

White Elephant Affairs reported to have as many as 311 036 people prisoner population densities high enough prison, per 100 thousand inhabitants compared to 461 people.
The political instability in the country in recent years is likely to be one of the causes of this high number.

5. India.

Although it ranks fifth in the list of the largest prison population in the world with 418 536 prisoners, India can be said to have a low density prison with per 100 thousand inhabitants compared to 33 people.

4. Brazil.

The emergence of Brazil in this list are not surprising given the high crime rate in the land of Samba.
Reported prisons throughout Brazil became a prisoner for the 607 731 inhabitants, with a density of 100 thousand versus 301.

3. Russia.

As one of the largest countries in the world, Russia has also had a prisoner with a sizeable amount. At least 642 470 people were reportedly languishing in Russian prisons in October 2015.
With that amount, the density of the prison in the land of the Red Bear is 100 thousand versus 445.

2. China.

The exact number of prisoners in the Bamboo Curtain country, China can not be known because of allegations covered by the government. However, it is estimated at least 1,657,812 people are currently behind bars.
"The figure for China is only for prisoners who have been convicted only," writes Ron Walmsey in its report. However, only armed with that number, mean density in China's prisons are at 100 thousand versus 119.

1. United States.

Ranked first country with the highest number of prisoners held by the United States (US). Uncle Sam has at least 2.217 million prisoners in various prisons across the country.
This number makes the density of the prison in the US is the second highest with 100 thousand inhabitants compared to 698 prisoners were only rivaled by the Seychelles, a small country that has a population density of 100 thousand inhabitants compared to 799 prisoners.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/05/number-of-prisoners-most.html
DatePublished: May 19, 2015 at 17:10

Tag : Number of Prisoners Most.