Hitler was a veteran of World War I with many titles. He joined the German Workers Party (NSDAP's predecessor) in 1919, and became chairman of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he staged a coup in Munich known as the Beer Hall Putsch events. The failed coup led to the arrest of Hitler. In prison, Hitler wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). Once free in 1924, Hitler had the support of the people to denounce the Treaty of Versailles and uphold the Pan-Jermanisme, antisemitism and anti-communism with charismatic speeches and Nazi propaganda. After being appointed as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian ideology of Nazism and autocratic.
Hitler's goal was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in Europe. Until then, foreign policy and the country aims to achieve Lebensraum ( "living space") for the Germanic. He ordered Germany rearmed and Wehrmacht invaded Poland in September 1939, led to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Under Hitler's government, in 1941 the German army and its European allies occupied most of Europe and North Africa. In 1943, Germany was forced to defend himself and suffered a series of defeats in battle. In the last days of the war, when the Battle of Berlin took place in 1945, Hitler married longtime girlfriend, Eva Braun. April 30, 1945, less than two days later, the two committed suicide to avoid arrest of the Red Army, and then their bodies were burned.
Hitler's policies were motivated by racial supremacists and resulted in the deaths of about 50 million people during World War II, including 6 million Jews and 5 million ethnic "non-Aryan" the systematic extermination ordered by Hitler and his closest comrades.
The years of the First.
Ancestors
Hitler's father, Alois Hitler (1837-1903), was the illegitimate son of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. Note baptism did not name the father Alois, so Alois wearing mother's last name. In 1842, Johann Georg married Anna Hiedler. After Anna died in 1847 and Johann 1856, Alois grew up in a family Hiedler brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler. In 1876, Alois passed and baptismal records altered by a priest in the presence of three witnesses. Currently on trial in Nuremberg in 1945, Nazi official Hans Frank mentioned the existence of the letters that claim that Alois's mother worked as a maid tanga to a Jewish family in Graz and that the family son who was 19 years old, Leopold Frankenberger, a father Alois. However, there are no names listed Frankenberger in Graz at the time and Leopold Frankenberger family records were never made. Historians doubt the claim that Alois's father was Jewish.At age 39, Alois chose the last name "Hitler", can be spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler", or "Huettler". Origin of the word name is "someone who lives in the house" (German Standards Hütte), "shepherd" (German Standard hüten "guard", English "heed"), or from the Slavic languages and Hidlarcek Hidlar.
Childhood and education
Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Salzburger Vorstadt 15, Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary. He was the fourth of six children of the couple Alois and Klara Hitler Polzl (1860-1907). Brother and sister Hitler - Gustav, Ida, and Otto - died in infancy. When Hitler was three years old, the family moved to Passau, Germany. There he studied the Lower Bavarian dialect, instead of German Austria, which is the typical style of speech of a lifetime. In 1894, the family moved to Leonding (near Linz), and in June 1895, Alois settled in a small area in Hafeld, near Lambach, where he was farming and beekeeping. Adolf school in a neighboring town, Fischlham. Hitler began to like studying war after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War his father.
Hafeld their move to the beginning of the father-son conflict was intense due to Adolf refused to comply with strict rules in school. Alois Hitler agricultural businesses in Hafeld failed and in 1897 they moved to Lambach. Hitler was 8 years old singing lessons, sang with the church choir, and even semapt consider myself to be a pastor. In 1898, the family moved permanently to Leonding. The death of his brother, Edmund, as a result of smallpox on February 2, 1900 greatly affect the life of Hitler. It changes from a figure who is confident, outgoing, and smart, being a kid moody, withdrawn and sullen often quarreled with his father and his teacher.
Alois had a successful career in the bureau of customs and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. Hitler then dramatize an event when Hitler's father took him to visit the customs office, calling it as an event that generates relentless antagonism between father and son, who both are equally eager. Ignoring the wishes of his son to enter the classical high school and become an artist, Adolf Alois sent to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. (This is the same high school who later entered Adolf Eichmann 17 years later). Hitler refused this decision, and in the book Mein Kampf, Hitler revealed that he did poorly in school, hoping that after his father saw "little progress that I made at the technical school, he'll let me pursue my dream."
Hitler was obsessed with since I was a young German nationalism. He showed his loyalty to Germany, hated the Habsburg monarchy increasingly chaotic and reign in the empire inhabited by various ethnic. Hitler and his friends use the word welcome Germany "Heil", and sing the German national anthem "Deutschland Über Alles" instead of the national anthem of the Austrian Empire.
After the sudden death of Alois dated January 3, 1903, Hitler achievement at school deteriorated. Her mother let Hitler quit school in the fall of 1905. He attended the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904; behavior and performance improved. In the fall of 1905, after graduating supplementary exam and the final exam, Hitler left school without any desire to continue their education or build a career.
Since 1905, Hitler underwent a bohemian life in Vienna, funded by allowances for orphans and help from her mother. He worked as a common laborer, then a painter who sells watercolor painting. Academy of Fine Arts Vienna twice refused Hitler, namely 1907 and 1908, due to "unsuitable paint". Director of the academy suggested that Hitler studied architecture, but he did not meet academic requirements. On December 21, 1907, his mother died at the age of 47 years. Having rejected the Academy for the second time, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909, he was living in a homeless shelter, and in 1910, he settled in a house in Meldemannstraße working poor. When Hitler lived there, Vienna is a place full of religious prejudice and racism. Concerns that Vienna will be filled with immigrants from the East extends, and a populist mayor, Karl Lueger, exploiting the rhetoric of antisemitism for political gain. Antisemitism pan-Germanic Georg Schönerer received strong support in the district of Mariahilf, where Hitler lived. Hitler read the local newspapers, such as the Deutsches Volksblatt, to fuel the prejudices and fears burn Christians who worry about being displaced by the influx of immigrants from the east. Rejecting what he describes as "Jermanofobia" Catholic, he began to like Martin Luther.
The origin and when Hitler showed antisemitismenya difficult to trace. Hitler said in Mein Kampf that turned into an anti-Semitic Vienna. Her best friend, August Kubizek, claimed that Hitler was an "official antisemitism" before leaving Linz. Testimony Kubizek opposed by historian Brigitte Hamann, who wrote that Kubizek was the only one who says that the young Hitler was an anti-Semitic. Hamann also wrote that there is no anti-Semitic statements coming out of the mouth of Hitler at that time. Historian Ian Kershaw argues that if Hitler never said that, his word is not known because of antisemitism in Vienna was used at the time. A number of sources provide strong evidence that Hitler had Jewish friends in his lodgings and other places in Vienna. The historian Richard J. Evans stated that "historians now agree that the well-known anti-Semitismenya that emerged after Germany's defeat (in World War I), as a side effect of the answers paranoid 'betrayal' of these events".
Hitler inherited the last part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich. Historians believe he was out of Vienna to avoid conscription into the Army Austria. Hitler later claimed that he did not want to serve in the Habsburg Empire because engaging "races" within the army. After he was declared unsuitable duty for failing the physical tests in Salzburg on 5 February 1914 he returned to Munich.
World War I.
When World War I broke out, Hitler is a resident of the city of Munich and volunteered in the Army Bayern as an Austrian citizen. Reserve Infantry Regiment stationed in Bayern 16 (Group Regiment 1), Hitler acted as messengers in the Western Front in France and Belgium, spent nearly half his time behind the front line. He was involved in the First Battle of Ypres, Battle of Somme, Battle of Arras and the Battle of Passchendaele, and was wounded at the Somme.He was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914 for his courage. Because advised Hugo Gutmann, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, on August 4, 1918, an award rarely rank pinned on someone like Hitler (Gefreiter). Hitler job at regimental headquarters, which is fully interact with senior officers, it might help him get this award. Although the action was considered daring, but still can not be called very commendable. Hitler also received the Black Wound Badge on May 18, 1918.
During serving in headquarters, Hitler develop his artistic talent by drawing cartoons and instructions to the army newspaper. At the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the thigh or calf left by a grenade that exploded in the trenches sender of the message. Hitler spent almost two months at the Red Cross hospital in Beelitz, then returned to his regiment on March 5, 1917. On October 15, 1918, Hitler was temporarily blinded due to mustard gas attacks and forced lodged at Pasewalk hospital. There, Hitler knew the defeat of Germany, and after getting the news, he was admitted to the blind back.
Hitler became annoyed because the German war effort failed and therefore also the development of ideology slowly formed. He calls the World War I as "the greatest experiences of a lifetime" and he was praised by his commander for his courage. This experience reinforces his patriotism against the Germans and he was surprised by the surrender of Germany in November 1918. Like many other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende (legend betrayal) who claimed that the German army is "invincible on the field" had been "stabbed in the back "on the domestic front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the" November criminals ".
The Treaty of Versailles stressed that Germany should return a number of the occupied territories and demilitarize the Rhineland. This agreement imposes economic sanctions and heavy reparations on Germany. Many Germans regard this agreement-in particular article 231 which calls Germany is responsible for all of the war-as an attempt to embarrass Germany. Treaty of Versailles and the economic, social, and political in postwar Germany then exploited by Hitler for his political interests.
The political arena.
After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich. Without a formal education and career prospects, he tries to survive in AD as long as possible. In July 1919, he was appointed as Verbindungsmann (intelligence agency) for a Aufklärungskommando (commando spy) belonging Reichswehr to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers Party (DAP). When oversee the activities of DAP, Hitler attracted to the thought of the founder of the party, Anton Drexler, the antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist. Drexler like a strong active government, non-Jewish version of socialism, and solidarity among the people. Fascinated by Hitler speech capabilities, Drexler invited to join the DAP. Hitler accepted the offer on 12 September 1919 and became the 55th member of the party.In DAP, Hitler met with Dietrich Eckart, one of the founders of the party and members of secret societies Thule Society. Eckart became Hitler teacher, could exchange ideas with him and introduced him to a wide range of community leaders Munich. In order to enhance its appeal, the DAP changed its name to Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party - NSDAP). Hitler designed a swastika flag on the white circle with the red background for this party.
Hitler came out of the army in March 1920 and began to work full-time for the NSDAP. In February 1921 when it capably addressed the huge crowd he addressed a crowd of 6,000 people in Munich. To publicize the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters around the city waving swastika flags and spreading leaflets. Popularity Hitler soon rise because of the rough polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, political competitors, and the Marxists and Jews. At that time, the NSDAP headquartered in Munich, fertile ground for anti-German nationalist government that wants to destroy Marxism and harassing the Weimar Republic.
In June 1921, when Hitler and Eckart fundraising was on his way to Berlin, an uprising occurred in the body of the NSDAP in Munich. Some members of the executive committee, some of whom consider Hitler too proud, wanted to join their competitors, the German Socialist Party (DSP). Hitler returned to Munich on July 11 and confirm his resignation. Members of the committee then realized Hitler's resignation means the party broke up. Hitler announced it would rejoin the condition that he replace Drexler as party and the party's headquarters should remain in Munich. The committee agreed; Hitler rejoined the party as a member of the 3680. He still got a number of internal contradictions in the NSDAP: Hermann Esser and his allies published a 3000 pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor party. In the days that followed, Hitler spoke before a crowd of defending itself and extraordinary acclaim. The strategy proved successful: the general meeting of members, he was given absolute power as head of the party with one vote against.
Hitler's excited at the beer hall began to attract a loyal audience. He began accustomed to wearing populist theme targeted at listeners, including the use of scapegoats to blame for the economic difficulties of his audience. Historians noted the hypnotic effect of his words to the large crowd, and his eyes to the small crowd. Kessel wrote, "With the incredible ... Germans speak with mystification charm 'hypnotic' Hitler. The word that appears again and again; Hitler is said to be mesmerized the nation, bringing them into a state of trance in which they can not escape." Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper describes the "charm gaze conjured many people are still sane." He was wearing his personal magnetism and understanding of the psychology of the crowd to get the advantage when addressing the public. Alfons Heck, a former member of the Hitler Youth, describe the reaction to Hitler: "We are burning with nationalist pride who have reached the level of hysteria. At the last minute, we scream as loud as possible with tears: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! Since then, myself I belong body and soul of Adolf Hitler ". Although the ability of speech and personality can be received well by the large crowd and formal occasions, a number of people who never met Hitler personally mengatkan that their appearance and behavior fail to provide lasting charm.
The first followers include Rudolf Hess, a former Air Force pilot Hermann Göring, and the army captain Ernst Röhm. Röhm became head of the Nazi paramilitary organization, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Army Invaders"), which is tasked with protecting the meetings and often attack political opponents. Critical influence on his thinking at the time was Aufbau Vereinigung, a group of White Russian refugees conspiracy and early National Socialist. Group funded a number of prominent wealthy industrialists such as Henry Ford introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy linking of international finance with Bolshevism.
Bierkeller Putsch.
Hitler asked for help World War I General Erich Ludendorff coup named "Bierkeller Putsch". Nazi party wear Italian Fascism as a model appearance and their policies. Hitler wanted to emulate the "March on Rome" of Benito Mussolini (1922) to create own coup in Bavaria, followed by against the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought support Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, the de facto leader Bayern. But Kahr and Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser (Seisser) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow wanted to establish a nationalist dictatorship without the involvement of Hitler.Hitler wanted to embrace this critical moment in order to gain widespread support from the people. On November 8, 1923, he and the SA stormed general meeting 3000 held in Bürgerbräukeller Kahr, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler grab Kahr's speech and announced that the national revolution has begun and declared the formation of a new government together with Ludendorff. Retreated to the back room, Hitler, with his cell pistol, demanded and got the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. Initially Hitler's troops had occupied the Reichswehr and the local police headquarters; unfortunately, Kahr and his associates withdrew their support and both AD and the state police did not join Hitler. The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but was disbanded police. 16 members of the NSDAP and four policemen were killed in a failed coup this.
Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by a number of people he had considered suicide. He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 as a result of high treason. His trial began in February 1924 before the Special People's Court in Munich, and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary chairman of the NSDAP. On April 1, Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison in Landsberg Prison. He handled well by the guards; he was allowed to receive letters from supporters and regular visits by fellow party. The Supreme Court issued Bayern forgiveness and Hitler was released from prison on December 20, 1924, contrary to the state prosecutor's objections. If the calculated overall, Hitler simply languished for more than a year in prison.
In Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle; originally titled Four Half Years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography once exposure ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race works of Madison Grant, which Hitler consider "my gospel". The book became the basis of Hitler's plan to transform German society into one based on race. Some sentences in it emphasizes the genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, the book sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One also copies sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office.
Rebuilding the NSDAP.
After Hitler was released from prison, politics in Germany are already less competitive and the economy is improving, limiting opportunities Hitler meets its political goals. As a result of the failed Bierkeller Putsch, the NSDAP and related organizations are prohibited from standing in Bayern. In a meeting with Prime Minister Bayern Heinrich Held dated January 4, 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the authority of the state: he would only pursue political power through a democratic process. This meeting managed to lift the ban on the NSDAP. However, Hitler banned speech in public, a ban that remained in force until 1927. In order to advance prohibited political ambitions though, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser, Otto Strasser and Joseph Goebbels to establish and develop the NSDAP in northern Germany. A talented strategiwan, Gregor Strasser, make politics more independent path by emphasizing the socialist element of the party's program.Stock markets in the United States fell on October 24, 1929. The impact in Germany so badly: the millions of people laid off and a number of large banks go bankrupt. Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of these events in order to gain support for their party. They promised to delete the Treaty of Versailles, strengthen the economy and provide jobs.
The reign.
The Great Depression in Germany to give a political opportunity for Hitler. Half the German population supports half against a parliamentary republic, which is facing great pressure from right-wing extremists and left. Moderate political party is not able to stem the tide of extremism and German referendum in 1929 succeeded in bringing Nazi ideology to the surface. September 1930 elections ended with the splitting of the grand coalition and was replaced by a minority cabinet. Its chairman, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party, ruled the use of the emergency decree of President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance using the decree will become the new norm and pave the way for authoritarian rule. NSDAP rose from obscurity to become the winner of 18.3% of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in elections in 1930, making it the second largest party in parliament.Hitler was present at the trial of two Reichswehr officer, Lt. Richard Scheringer and Hans Ludin, in the fall of 1930. Both are accused of having membership in the NSDAP which at that time were not allowed to Reichswehr personnel. The judge argued that the NSDAP is the extremist party, so that counsel for the defendant Hans Frank was forced to call Hitler to testify in court. On 25 September 1930 Hitler testified that his party only pursue political power through elections dmeokratis, a witness who gave him the support of the Reichswehr corps.
Brüning harsh action brought little improvement to the economy and very unpopular. Hitler used it targets the political messages specifically to people affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Great Depression, such as farmers, war veterans and the middle class.
Hitler officially release the nationality Austrianya on April 7, 1925, but has not yet obtained German citizenship. Almost 7 years he was a man without a country, can not hold public office, and threatened with deportation. On February 25, 1932, the interior minister Brunswick, also NSDAP members, appointed Hitler as a trustee of the state delegation to Reichsrat in Berlin. Hence, Hitler automatically became citizens of Brunswick, as well as Germany.
In 1932, Hitler campaigned against von Hindenburg in the presidential elections. The continuity of his nomination is confirmed by the speech on January 27, 1932 at the Industry Club in Düsseldorf, which gave him the support of the majority of the most influential industrialists in Germany. But Hindenburg has been supported by various nationalist parties, monarchists, Catholic and republican, and a number of social democrats. Hitler put the campaign slogan "Hitler über Deutschland" ( "Hitler over Germany"), referring to the political ambitions once the campaign is using the aircraft. Hitler was ranked second in the two rounds of elections with more than 35% of the vote in the last election. Although he lost, the election makes Hitler a force in German politics.
The appointment as chancellor.
The absence of effective government forced two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg, together with a number of industrialists and other businessmen, wrote to von Hindenburg. The signatories forcing Hindenburg appointed Hitler as head of government "free from parliamentary parties", which will turn into a movement that is able to "amaze millions of people".Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two parliamentary elections in July and November 1932 did not produce a majority government formation. Hitler would lead the short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and Hugenberg party, namely the German National People's Party (DNVP). On January 30, 1933, a new cabinet was sworn in a brief ceremony in the office of the Hindenburg. NSDAP gain three important positions, Hitler became Chancellor, Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, and Hermann Göring's Prussian Minister of the Interior. Hitler had previously demanded the post of minister in an attempt to control the police in most areas of Germany.
Reichstag fire and the March elections.
As chancellor, Hitler seeks to counteract the actions of competitors NSDAP to create a majority government. Because of the political deadlock, he asked President Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag again and schedule an election in early March. On February 27, 1933, the Reichstag building on fire. Göring refers to this as a communist plot, because the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe proven to aggravate the situation inside the burning building. At the request of Hitler, Hindenburg responded by issuing Reichstag Fire Decree of February 28, which remove the basic rights and allowed detention without trial beforehand. Activities of the German Communist Party pressed and about 4,000 communist party members were detained. The researchers, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock, found himself NSDAP who started the fire.In addition to political campaigns, the NSDAP was involved in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda a few days before the election. On election day, March 6, 1933, the number of votes NSDAP increased to 43.9% and the party obtaining the number of seats in parliament. However, Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, so they have to form a coalition with the DNVP.
Day of Potsdam and Activation Act.
Date March 21, 1933, the new Reichstag was formed through the opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam. "Day of Potsdam" was held to show unity between the Nazi movement and the elite and the old Prussian military. Hitler appears with a morning coat and with a friendly welcome President von Hindenburg.In order to achieve full political control despite failing to obtain an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government asked for the draft Ermächtigungsgesetz (Act Activation) to undergo a vote in the Reichstag newly formed. This bill gives Hitler cabinet full legislative power for four years and (with certain exceptions) to allow deviations from the constitution. The bill requires a two-thirds majority to be passed. Without a wasted opportunity, wearing Nazi Reichstag Fire Decree requirements to prevent a number of Social Democratic deputies present; The Communist Party officially banned.
On March 23, the Reichstag met in the Kroll Opera House under an atmosphere of turmoil. A number of members of the SA became a guard in the building, while a huge crowd outside who opposed the bill shouted slogans and threats against members of parliament who had just arrived. Position Central Party, the third largest party in the Reichstag, is absolute. After Hitler promised to direct to the party chairman Ludwig Kaas that President von Hindenburg would retain veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party supported the bill Activation. Finally, the Act was passed by voice activation 441-84; all parties except the Social Democrats to vote agree. Activation Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, change Hitler's government into a dictatorship de facto legitimate.
Abolition of other restrictions.
"Although it looks like crap, I tell you that the National Socialist movement will continue until 1,000 years! ... Do not forget how people laugh at me 15 years ago when I told him that one day I will lead Germany. They are now laughing, as foolish , as I said it would continue in power.- Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 ".
After a successful full control of the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his political allies began to suppress political opposition remains systematically. The Social Democratic Party was banned standing and all his assets seized. When a trade union delegates gathered in Berlin on May Day activities, SA soldiers tore down union offices throughout Germany. On May 2, 1933, all trade unions were forced to disperse and detained its chairman chairperson; some of them were sent to concentration camps. German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organization for all workers, administrators and business owners, thus reflecting the concept of national socialism in the spirit of Volksgemeinschaft Hitler (German racial community; it literally means "people's community").
In late June, the other parties were intimidated to disperse. With the help of the SA, Hitler pressed his coalition colleagues, Hugenberg, in order to retreat. Date July 14, 1933, the NSDAP declared as the only legal political party in Germany. SA demands for political and military power led to greater anxiety among military leaders, industry, and politics. Hitler responded by removing all the leadership of SA in Night of the Long Knives Knife-launched on June 30 to July 2, 1934. Hitler targeting Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders, along with a number of political opponents of Hitler (like Gregor Strasser and former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher), which then collected, arrested and shot dead. While the international community and a number of German public was shocked by the assassination, many in Germany saw Hitler was to enforce order.
Date of August 2, 1934, President von Hindenburg died. A day earlier, the cabinet has endorsed the "Legal Position of the State Supreme Reich". This law states that after the Hindenburg died, the presidency will be removed and power combined with the power of the chancellor. Hitler then became head of state and head of government, and formally named Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor). This law violates the Act Activation. Although allowing Hitler to deviate from the constitution, the law explicitly forbade it broke any law relating to the post of president. In 1932, the constitution was amended to make the president of the Supreme Court, not the chancellor, as interim president pending new elections. With this law, Hitler removing the last legal alternative which can be lowered from power.
As head of state, Hitler became the Supreme Commander of the armed forces. Regular army loyalty oath changed to swear allegiance to Hitler himself, rather than the post of supreme commander or country. On August 19, the merger approved by the Chancellery presidency with 90% of the vote in a plebiscite.
In early 1938, he put on defamation tactics to consolidate its military rule with a scandal sparked Blomberg-Fritsch. Hitler forced the Minister of War, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg resigned to the police report shows that Blomberg's new wife had been involved in prostitution. Army Commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch removed in the same manner after the Schutzstaffel (SS) made allegations that he was involved in a homosexual relationship. Both a person who does not like after they objected terhadpa request that the Wehrmacht Hitler prepared for war at least 1938. Hitler took over as commander of Duty Blomberg, so that he can personally control the armed forces. He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces, or OKW), led by General Wilhelm Keitel. On the same day, 16 generals sacked and another 44 transferred; everything is allegedly not pro-Nazi. In early February 1938, 12 generals fired.
After consolidating his political power, Hitler suppress or get rid of the opposition through the process of Gleichschaltung. He has sought additional public support by promising distorting effects of the Great Depression and the Treaty of Versailles.
Many Hitler decree based on the Reichstag Fire Decree, pursuant Article 48 Constitution of Weimar. This decree gives the president the power take urgent action to protect the safety and public order. Therefore, Hitler could rule under martial law legitimate. Reichstag twice fixing Act Activation as a formality since all parties other than the Nazi banned from standing.
Third Reich.
Economy and culture.
In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economy, and the next year, as the War Economy Minister Plenipotentiary in charge of preparing the country for war economy. Reconstruction and rearmament funded by Mefo letters, printing money, and seizure of assets of persons detained as enemies of the state, including the Jews. Unemployment decreased from six million in 1932 to one million in 1936. Hitler operates one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in the history of Germany, including the construction of dams, highways, railways and other public works. Wages rather low in the mid- to late 1930s than the salary in the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living rose by 25%. The average work week increased when the transition to a war economy; in 1939, the average German worked between 47 and 50 hours a week.Hitler's government sponsored the architecture on a large scale. Albert Speer, famous for implementing Hitler terhadpa reinterpretation of classical German culture, was commissioned to plan the architectural renovation of Berlin. In 1936, Hitler opened the Summer Olympics in Berlin.
Rearmament and new alliances.
In a meeting with military leaders Germany dated February 3, 1933, Hitler talked about "conquest to acquire Lebensraum in the East and Jermanisasi his cruel" as the main goal of its foreign policy. In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, a secretary at the Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office), issued a statement in the form of the main goals of foreign policy: Anschluss with Austria, the return of national borders Germany in 1914, the rejection of the restrictions of military Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and the zone of German influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler look at the goals that made Bülow too simple. In some subsequent speech, he stressed the peaceful purposes of its policies and its willingness to cooperate with international agreements. At the first meeting of his Cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritized military spending rather than the manufacturing jobs.Germany out of the League of Nations and World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. In March 1935, Hitler announced the expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members six times greater than that permitted the Versailles Treaty, including the establishment of the air force (Luftwaffe) and the expansion of the size of the navy (Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned the violation of the agreement. English-German Sea Treaty (Agna) dated June 18, 1935 to allow an increase in tonnage Germany to 35% of his AL United Kingdom. Hitler called the signing Agna as "the happiest days of his life," believe that the agreement marks the beginning of the British-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf. France and Italy are not included before signing, so that directly overlook the LBB and made the Versailles Treaty is no longer valid.
Germany reoccupied the Rhineland demilitarized zone in March 1936, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to help General Franco after receiving a request for assistance in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued efforts to establish the Anglo-German alliance. In August 1936, responding to the growing economic crisis due to the great effort of rearmament, Hitler requested Göring impose Four Year Plan in order to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. The plan is an all-out struggle between "Judeo-Bolshevism" and German national socialism, which in the view of Hitler in need of rearmament effort without thinking about economic risks.
Conti Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister for the government of Benito Mussolini, announced the formation of an alliance between Germany and Italy, and on 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italian who signed in 1937. Hitler canceled plans English-German alliance and blamed the British government that "does not fit". At a meeting in Reichskanzlei with foreign ministers and military leaders that November, Hitler reiterated his desire pursuit of Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the east beginning at least in 1938 and passed in 1943. By his death, minutes of conferences that were recorded as Hossbach Memorandum is considered a "political statement" it. He felt a sharp decline in living standards in Germany caused by the economic crisis that can only be stopped by military aggression against Austria and Czechoslovakia. Hitler wanted quick action before the British and French permanent excel in an arms race. In early 1938, after the scandal Blomberg-Fritsch, Hitler took over control of the military instrument of foreign policy, dismiss Neurath as Foreign Minister and appointed himself as the Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (the supreme commander of the armed forces). Since the beginning of 1938 onwards, Hitler implement foreign policy with the aim of the war.
World War II
The first diplomatic success
The alliance with Japan.
In February 1938, on the advice of the Minister of Foreign Affairs has been assigned, Joachim von Ribbentrop was very pro-Japanese, Hitler put an end to the Chinese-German alliance with the Republic of China in order to form an alliance with Japan is more modern and powerful. Hitler announced his government recognize Manchukuo, the Japanese in Manchuria holder country, and attract German claims against their former colonies in the Pacific owned Japan. Hitler declared the end of the delivery of weapons to China and send all the German officials who worked in the Army of China. As retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek canceled all Sino-German economic agreements, so the raw materials China is no longer enter Germany.Austria and Czechoslovakia.
On March 12, 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss program. Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population in the district of Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.28-29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin together with Konrad Henlein of Heimfront (Front of Home Affairs) Sudeten, the party of ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland. They agreed that Henlein asking for greater autonomy for the Sudeten German population to the Czechoslovak government, thus giving legitimacy to military action, Germany to Czechoslovakia. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever was offered the Czech government, he would always ask higher again ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding with any sense because this is the only way to break up Czechoslovakia quickly". Personally, Hitler regarded the Sudeten issue unimportant; real desire is to wage a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia.
In April, Hitler requested OKW getting ready for Fall Grün ( "Case Green"), code the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Because of insistent diplomatic pressure from France and Britain, on September 5, Czechoslovak President Edvard Benes launched the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganization of his country who agree to most of the demand for autonomy Henlein Sudeten. Heimfront Benes bid Henlein responded with a series of riots against police Czechoslovakia and led to the imposition of martial law in some districts in the Sudeten.
Germany relies on imported oil; confrontation with Britain over the disputed Czechoslovakia would reduce the supply of oil Germany. Hitler canceled the Fall Grün that was originally planned for October 1, 1938. On September 29, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Edouard Daladier and Benito Mussolini held a one-day conference in Munich and the Munich Agreement which produces submission districts contain Sudetenland to Germany.
Chamberlain satisfied with the Munich conference and called it "peace for the present," while Hitler angry for losing the opportunity to fight in 1938; He expressed dissatisfaction in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken. In view of Hitler, who helped Britain's peace, although fulfill the request of Germany, is a diplomatic defeat that thwart his desire limit the power of Britain to pave the way German expansion to the east. Because the meeting was also elected Hitler as Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1938.
In late 1938 and early 1939 due to the continuing economic crisis forced Hitler's rearmament massive budget cuts. In a speech entitled "Export or die" on January 30, 1939, he asked for the enhancement of economic attacks German holdings of foreign exchange to buy raw materials such as high-quality iron for military weapons.
On March 15, 1939, in violation of the Munich Agreement and may be due to the economic crisis stressed the need for additional asset, Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht invaded Prague and proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate from Prague Castle.
The outbreak of World War II.
In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain as the main enemy that needs to be defeated and the destruction of Poland is a necessary prerequisite for achieving these goals. The east side will be secured and the land is included in the German Lebensraum. Offended by the "guarantee" of Polish independence by Britain on March 31, 1939, Hitler said, "I have to make the demon drink for them." In a speech in Wilhelmshaven at the launching of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April, he threatened to cancel the English-German Sea Treaty if Britain continues to ensure the independence of Poland, which he saw as a policy of "encirclement". Poland will become a satellite state of German or neutralized to secure the eastern side of the Reich and prevent a possible blockade of Britain. Hitler initially chose the idea of a satellite state, but because the Polish government rejected, he decided to invade Poland and make it the main goal of its foreign policy in 1939. On April 3, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ( "Case White"), namely the invasion plan to Poland on 25 August. In a speech in the Reichstag on 28 April, Hitler canceled the Sea Treaty English-German Non-Aggression Pact and Germany-Poland. In August, Hitler told his generals that his original plan for 1939 is "... establish good relations with Poland for the sake of the fight against the West." Some historians such as William Carr, Gerhard Weinberg and Ian Kershaw argues that Hitler was waging war haste reason was that he was afraid he died first.Hitler worried military offensive into Poland would create an early war against Britain. However, Hitler-foreign minister and former ambassador to London-Joachim von Ribbentrop ensure that neither Britain nor France would not honor their commitment to Poland. Because it is guaranteed that, on August 22, 1939 Hitler ordered the military mobilization to Poland.
This plan requires the help of a secret Soviet and non-aggression pact (the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) between Germany and the Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalin, including the division of Poland's secret agreements the two countries. Responding to the new pact formed is different from the prediction-and Ribbentrop that this action would worsen relations between the UK-Polish and Polish-British English-Polish alliance formed on August 25, 1939. This maneuver, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honor the Pact of Steel , forcing Hitler to postpone the invasion of Poland from 25 August to 1 of September. Hitler failed to shift into neutral Britain by offering a guarantee of non-aggression to the British Empire on August 25; he then instructed Ribbentrop to reveal the peace plan last minute with very short time limits in order to blame the impending war on ketidaksigapan Britain and Poland.
Though nervous about the intervention of Britain, Hitler went ahead with the invasion of Poland. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded western Poland on the grounds its claim against the Free City of Danzig and his right to the road across the extraterritorial rejected the Polish Corridor, which has been handed over Germany as the Treaty of Versailles. Responding to these actions, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on September 3, surprising Hitler and force asked in an angry tone to Ribbentrop, "Now what?" France and Britain to act according to their claims, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland.
Poland would never rise up again in the form of the Treaty of Versailles. This is guaranteed not only by the Germans, but also ... Russia.
- Adolf Hitler, a common speech in Danzig at the end of September 1939.
The fall of Poland was followed by what is called a number of journalists as "Fake War" or Sitzkrieg ( "sitting war"). Hitler instructed two Polish Gauletier northwest newly appointed, Albert Forster of Danzig-West Prussia Reichsgau and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland, for "menjermanisasikan" their area "without question" about how. When the Polish population in the Forster area must sign a statement that they have German blood, Greiser perform brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Polish population in the region. Greiser complain Forster allowing thousands of Poles accepted as "race" that threatens the German "racial purity" of Germany. Hitler refused to be involved, because it wants to make an example of the theory of "working for the Führer": Hitler issued instructions that are unclear and expects all of his subordinates carry out their own policies.
Another dispute arose about the methods Himmler and Greiser, who chose the ethnic cleansing in Poland, against the methods Göring and Hans Frank, the Governor-General of the territory of the General Government of Poland, which wants to transform Poland into a "granary" Reich. On February 12, 1940, the dispute was originally completed through the implementation of methods Göring-Frank, which put an end to the mass expulsion that disrupt the economy. However, on May 15, 1940, Himmler wrote a memo entitled "Thoughts on Handling of Foreign Residents in the East" which proposed the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and isolate the Polish population into "working class without a leader." Hitler called the memo Himmler "nice and proper," and then apply the policy Himmler-Greiser in Poland, while ignoring and Frank Göring.
Hitler began to focus its military on the western border of Germany, and in April 1940, German troops invaded Denmark and Norway. On 9 April, Hitler announced the birth of "the German Reich Kingdom", ie his vision of an empire Germanic nations in a united Europe, where the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavia joined the coalition "pure race" under the leadership of Germany. May 1940, Germany attacked France, and occupy Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. The victory forced Mussolini led Italy to join Hitler on June 10. France surrendered on June 22.
Britain, whose army was forced to leave France by sea from Dunkirk, continued to fight alongside other British Empire at the Battle of the Atlantic. Hitler offered peace to the Great Britain's new leader, Winston Churchill, and after being denied he ordered the bombing raids to the United Kingdom. Hitler's invasion plans to the United Kingdom began with a series of raids in the Battle of Britain against a number of air bases and radar stations Royal Air Force (RAF) in South East England. Unfortunately, the German Luftwaffe was unable to defeat the Royal Air Force. In late October, Hitler realized that air superiority for the invasion of the British-Operation Sea Lion-can not be achieved, then he launched air strikes the night against the cities in Britain, including London, Plymouth, and Coventry.
On September 27, 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburo Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Hitler, and the Italian foreign minister Ciano, then expanded to Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, thus strengthening the Axis powers. Hitler efforts in integrating the former Soviet Union with an anti-British failure stalemate after the meeting between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and then he asked all parties to prepare for full-scale invasion of the Soviet Union.
In the spring of 1941, the military activity in North Africa, the Balkans and the Middle East to divert Hitler's plans for the eastern region. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to strengthen the presence of Italian troops there. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia, which was soon followed by the invasion of Greece. In May, German troops were sent to help the Iraqi rebel forces fighting the British and invaded Crete. On May 23, Hitler issued a warrant Führer No. 30.
Towards defeat.
Date June 22, 1941, against the non-aggression pact Hitler-Stalin in 1939, 5.5 million Axis troops invaded the Soviet Union. The aim of this large-scale offensive (Operation Barbarossa) is the total destruction of the Soviet Union and the seizure of all its natural resources for future aggression against the efforts of Western countries. In this invasion, the Germans managed to annex a vast territory, including the Baltic republics, Belarus and Western Ukraine. After the success of the Battle of Smolensk, Hitler ordered Army Group Central stop the speed to Moscow and while diverting his panzer group to the north and the south to help the siege of Leningrad and Kiev. Hitler's decision created a major crisis among military officials, because the generals do not agree with the change of the target. Pause taken Hitler at the end of the summer gives Red Army kesempatam mobilize new reserves; Russell Stolfi historians regard this as one of the main factors that led to the failure of the Moscow attacks, the newly resumed in October 1941 and ended with great failure in December.On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler formally declared war against the United States.
Date December 18, 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What needs to be done to the Jews of Russia?" Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ( "wipe them as partisans"). Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer commented that the statement could be a sign that one might almost say historians as a direct order from Hitler to carry out genocide during the Holocaust.
In late 1942, German forces defeated in the second battle of El Alamein, thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Too convinced of his own military capabilities after the initial victory in 1940, Hitler became of no confidence against the High Command of the Army and began to interfere in military and tactical planning with disastrous results. In February 1943, the rejection of Hitler repeated to their withdrawal from the Battle of Stalingrad resulted in the total destruction of the 6th Army. More than 200,000 Axis troops killed and 235,000 others taken prisoner, only 6,000 of which are home to Germany after the war. After that, there was an absolute defeat at the Battle of Kursk. Opinion Hitler started is not clear, and the military and joined the German economy fell as the worsening health of Hitler. Kershaw and other historians believe Hitler Parkinson's disease.
Post the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was deposed by Pietro Badoglio, who surrendered to the Allies. Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union slowly forcing Hitler's troops retreat along the Eastern Front. June 6, 1944, Allied forces landed in northern France West in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord. As a result of a series of major setbacks suffered by the German Army, many top brass concluded that defeat was inevitable and miscalculation or rejection of Hitler would bring the war into the country and led to Germany destroyed.
Between 1939 and 1945, there are many plans to assassinate Hitler, some of which continue to some degree. The most famous effort actually comes from Germany itself and fueled by the possibility that Germany would lose the war. In July 1944, the plan July 20, part of Operation Valkyrie, is executed. Claus von Stauffenberg placed a bomb in one of the buildings Hitler's headquarters, the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg. Hitler was almost killed because someone accidentally pushed the suitcase bomb to the back foot thick conference table. When the bomb exploded, the table reflects the blast away from Hitler. After that, Hitler ordered of revenge that led to the execution of more than 4,900 people.
Defeat and death.
In late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were stormed in Germany. Knowing the strength and tenacity of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use the rest of the army reserve army to fight the United States and Britain which he perceived as weaker. On 16 December, he launched an attack in the Ardennes to split the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to fight against the Soviets. After the attack failed, Hitler realized that Germany would lose the war. Last hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain assisted by Franklin D. Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945; however, in contrast to expectations, the Allies remained undaunted. Acting with his view that the failure of the German military helped eliminate the right to stand as a nation, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before falling into Allied hands. Armaments Minister Albert Speer believed to execute this scorched earth plan, but secretly she refused.On April 20, Hitler's birthday the 56th, Hitler did the last trip of Fuhrerbunker ( "protection Führer") to the surface. In the garden Reichskanzlei destroyed, he pinned the Iron Cross to the soldiers of the Hitler Youth. On April 21, the 1st Belorussian Front leader Georgy Zhukov managed to penetrate the defenses of the German Army Group Vistula led by General Gotthard Heinrici at the Battle of Seelow Highlands and drove to the outskirts of Berlin. Rejecting the situation, Hitler banked on Waffen SS troops led by General Felix Steiner, Steiner Armeeabteilung ( "Army Detachment Steiner"). Hitler requested Steiner to attack the northern side of the hill and the Ninth Army was ordered to attack into northern Germany in the form of attacks flops.
At a military conference on April 22, Hitler questioned Steiner attack. He was told that the attack was never launched and Russian forces had entered Berlin. The answer is to force Hitler asked everyone besides Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Hans Krebs, and Wilhelm Burgdorf out of the room. Hitler then a massive upset over the betrayal and the inability of the commanders who ended with a statement for the first time that Germany lost the war. Hitler announced that he would remain in Berlin until the war ended, and then committed suicide.
On April 23, the Red Army surrounded the entire Berlin and Goebbels made a statement asking the citizens to defend the city of Berlin. On the same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden containing the opinion that because Hitler was isolated in Berlin, he, Göring, had to take over the government of Germany. Göring set a deadline, the passing of which he considers Hitler not in power anymore. Hitler responded by holding Göring and in his will written 29 April, Hitler declared Göring dismissed from all government posts he held. On April 28, Hitler knew that Himmler, who left Berlin on April 20, was trying to discuss surrender to the Western Allies. He ordered Himmler was arrested and Hermann Fegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin) was executed.
After midnight 29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small wedding ceremony in the map room in Fuhrerbunker. After a simple breakfast with his new wife, he took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated a will and last words. This incident was witnessed and the document was signed by Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf, Joseph Goebbels, and Martin Bormann. That afternoon, Hitler told about the murder of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, which might reinforce the desire to resist arrest.
April 30, 1945, after fierce street fighting, when the Soviet army were one or two blocks from Reichskanzlei, Hitler and Braun committed suicide; Braun biting the cyanide capsule and Hitler shot himself. Their bodies were carried up through the emergency exit doors to the rear garden Reichskanzlei bunker that was destroyed, then placed in a bomb crater and doused in gasoline. Both bodies later burned accompanied atmosphere bombing by the Red Army.
Berlin surrendered on May 2. Soviet archival records released after the fall of the Soviet Union showed that the remains of Hitler, Braun, Joseph and Magda Goebbels, the six Goebbels children, General Hans Krebs and Hitler's dogs repeatedly buried and raised. On April 4, 1970, a Soviet KGB team wearing funeral detailed map to appoint five wooden boxes in SMERSH facility in Magdeburg. The remains of the boxes were burned, destroyed, and deployed in Biederitz river, tributary of the Elbe.
Holocaust.
If the wealthy Jews outside Europe managed to bring this nation once again in the war, the result is not bolshevisasi Earth in favor of the Jews, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe.- Adolf Hitler made a speech in the German Reichstag, January 30, 1939
Holocaust and war in eastern Germany are based on long-standing view of Hitler that the Jews are the enemy of the Germans and that Lebensraum need to be created for the sake of German expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for the expansion effort to beat Poland and the Soviet Union and rule out or massacred Jews and Slavs. Generalplan ost ( "General Plan for the East") contains the deportation of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to the occupied West Siberia to be used as laborers or killed; region will stand colonized by German population or "dijermanisasi". The goal is to implement this plan after conquering the Soviet Union, but if that fails, Hitler still continue. In January 1942, Hitler decided to kill all the Jews, Slavs, and other deported people wanted removed.
Holocaust ( "Endlösung der Judenfrage" or "Final Solution of Jewish Question") was ordered by Hitler and formulated and implemented by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich. Note the Wannsee Conference held on January 20, 1942, led by Heydrich and attended by 15 senior Nazi officials provide clear evidence of a systematic plan Holocaust. February 22, Hitler said, "we must regain our health by eliminating the Jews." About 30 concentration camps and extermination camps used to implement this plan. In the summer of 1942, the Auschwitz concentration camp quickly expanded to accommodate large numbers of people deported to be killed or enslaved.
Although there are no special orders from Hitler that permits mass killing, published, he approved the establishment of the Einsatzgruppen killers squad following the path of the German Army crossed the Polish, Baltic, and the Soviet Union and he was very aware of their activities. In the recording of interrogations by Soviet intelligence officials, published 50 years later, Hitler driver, Heinz Linge, and his aide, Otto Günsche, stating that Hitler had a direct interest in the development of the gas chamber.
Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), assisted by government collaboration with the Power Axis in World War IIkolaborasionis and recruits from countries holder, responsible for the deaths of 11 to 14 million people, including 6 million Jews who represent two-thirds of the Jewish population in Europe, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million ethnic Roma. Death occurs in the concentration camps and extermination camps, ghettos, and mass executions. Many Holocaust victims gassed to death, while others died of starvation or disease while working as a forced laborer.
Hitler policy also resulted in the murder of the Poles and Soviet prisoners of war, the communists and other political opponents, homosexuals, the physically and mentally handicapped, Jehovah's Witnesses, Adventists, and trade unionists. Hitler never visited the concentration camps and the killing discuss in public.
Other Nazi concept is the meaning of racial purity. On September 15, 1935, Hitler introduced two laws called Nuremberg Laws to the Reichstag. And these laws prohibiting marriage between non-Jewish Germans and Jews, and prohibits the employment of non-Jewish women under 45 years of age in a Jewish family. This law also removes the rights of German nationality held those "non-Aryan". Hitler's first eugenics policies targeting children with physical and mental disabilities in a program called Action Brandt, then allow euthanasia program for adults with physical and mental disabilities are now called Action T4.
Leadership style.
Hitler's NSDAP led by autocratic by applying Führerprinzip ( "leader principle"). This principle relies on the absolute obedience of all subordinates to their leaders; so he saw the governance structure as a pyramid, with her absolute leader at the top. Rank in the party election is not determined by the positions filled by appointment by the higher ranks, which demands obedience without a statement against the wishes of the leader. Hitler's leadership style is giving orders to his subordinates opposite and put them in positions where the duties and responsibilities they overlap each other so that "a stronger person do his job". In this way, Hitler encourages mutual distrust, competition, and fights among his subordinates in order to consolidate and maximize power. Never meeting his cabinet after 1938, and he asked his ministers not met in person. Hitler usually do not give a written order; he told her verbally or communicated through close associates, Martin Bormann. He entrusted all of its documents, appointment, and his personal wealth to Bormann and Bormann take advantage of his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler.Hitler personally make all major military decisions. Historians agree that assessing its performance after a strong start, he increasingly inflexible after 1941 so that he squandered kekuaran owned German military. Historian Antony Beevor found when the war broke out, "Hitler was a leader who inspired, because his genius lies in assessing the weaknesses of others and take advantage of those weaknesses." But from 1941 onwards, "he became very sclerotic. He does not allow setbacks or flexibility of any kind between field commanders, and it is devastating."
Heritage.
Further information: The Impact of Nazism and neo-Nazism.The suicide of Hitler is regarded by contemporary historians as a "mantra" is broken. According to historian John Toland, without its leader, National Socialism "burst like a bubble."
The action of Hitler and the Nazi ideology is almost universally regarded as something very immoral; according to historian Ian Kershaw, "Never before in the history of such damage-physical and moral associated with the name of one person." Hitler's political program resulted in the outbreak of the world war, leaving the Eastern and Central Europe were devastated and impoverished. Germany itself suffered total destruction, dubbed "Zero Hour". Hitler's policies resulted in human suffering on a massive scale; by R.J. Rummel, the Nazi regime was responsible for killing about 21 demosida against civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 29 million soldiers and civilians killed by military action in the European theater during World War II, and Hitler's role is described as, "... the main designer of a war that resulted in 50 million people have been killed and millions of others lament their death ..." historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "devil" to refer to the Nazi regime. Many European countries criminalize support for Nazism and Holocaust denial.
The historian Friedrich Meinecke refer to Hitler as "one of the greatest examples of a single force and outstanding person throughout life history". British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "one of the 'made simple bad history', the figure conqueror the world's most systematic, the most historic, most philosophical, but the rudest, meanest, most generous ever known to mankind." For the historian John M. Roberts, Hitler's defeat marks the final phase of European history which is predominantly German. Instead, came the Cold War, a global confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States.
Religious views.
Hitler viewed the church is important politically, as a conservative influence on society. He felt that if the church were destroyed, religious people will turn to mysticism, which he regarded as a political and cultural setback. Although he never formally left the Catholic Church, he had no real closeness with the church. After leaving home, he never attended Mass or receiving the sacraments. He prefers aspects of Protestantism that fit with his views and adopt some elements of hierarchical organization, liturgy and phraseology of the Catholic Church in politics.In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and Christian German culture, and of belief in Jesus Christ "Aryan" a Jesus who fight against the Jewish people. He talked about his interpretation of Christianity as the main motivation antisemitismenya, saying, "As a Christian I have no right to allow myself lied to, but I have the right to be a fighter for truth and justice." Personally, he was more critical of traditional Christianity, consider it a fitting religion professed the slaves; he liked the power of Rome, but rude to the teachings. Historian John S. Conway said that Hitler had a "fundamental antagonism" towards the Christian churches.
In political relations with the churches, Hitler took the strategy "that fits with their political goals". According to the US Office of Strategic Services, Hitler had a general plan, even before it came to power, to destroy the influence of the Christian churches in the Reich. The report titled "The Nazi Master Plan" it was stated that the destruction of the church is the goal of the movement from the beginning, but not enough to express the extreme position publicly. The goal, according to Bullock, is to wait until the war is over, and then destroy the Christian influence.
Hitler liked the Muslim military tradition, but still regard the Arabs as "inferior race". He believes that the Germans, such as Muslims, can control most of the world in the Middle Ages. Although Hitler was interested in the occult, poetry translation, and trace the roots of prehistoric Germanic peoples, Hitler was more pragmatic and ideology focused on things that are more practical.
Health.
Many researchers believe that Hitler suffered bowel syndrome irritability, skin lesions, heart rate is not fixed, Parkinson's disease, syphilis, and tinnitus. In a report to the Office of Strategic Services in 1943, Walter C. Langer from Harvard University calls Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath." A number of theories surrounding the medical condition of Hitler difficult to prove, and according to them too much burden when linking a number of events and consequences of the Third Reich with the person's physical health is probably bad. Kershaw felt better take a broader view of the history of Germany to assess the social impulse which created the Third Reich and its policies, instead of finding a narrow explanation of the Holocaust and World War II than one person.Hitler was a vegetarian diet. At social events she sometimes expressed disgusting statement on the slaughter of animals so that their guests avoid meat. Fears of esophageal cancer (cause his mother died) is the reason diet most famous Hitler. As a antipembedahan, Hitler might choose selective diet because they appreciate animals. Bormann had a greenhouse near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden) to ensure a steady supply of fruits and fresh vegetables for Hitler throughout the war. Hitler abstain from alcohol and non-smokers. He promotes anti-smoking campaigns were aggressive throughout Germany. Hitler began to often use amphetamines after 1937 and become addicted in the fall of 1942. Albert Speer associate this with the use of amphetamines Hitler decisions increasingly inflexible (eg, never allow a military retreat from the battlefield).
With 90 types of medicines throughout the war, Hitler taking lots of pills every day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. He suffered damage to the eardrum by a bomb July 20, 1944 and 200 splinters should be removed from his leg. Hitler news footage showed a vibration in his hands and limping gait, which has existed since before the war and deteriorated until the end. Hitler's personal doctor, Theodor Morell, Hitler cared for by a drug often used to deal with Parkinson's disease in 1945. The Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also concluded that Hitler had Parkinson's disease.
Family.
Hitler created a public image as being celibate without a domestic life, dedicated his whole life to political missions and nation. He met his girlfriend, Eva Braun, in 1929, and they married in April 1945. In September 1931, half-niece, Geli Raubal, Hitler committed suicide with a gun in his apartment in Munich. Spread rumors that Geli was involved in a romantic relationship with Hitler and his death will be a source of deep sadness that last a long time. Paula Hitler, the last family members were still alive, died in 1960.Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.indonesiansocieti.blogspot.com/2016/05/history-of-adolf-hitler.html
DatePuyblished: May 2, 2016 at 10:21
No comments:
Post a Comment